Editing Daylight saving time (section)

==Opposition to clock changes==
{{See also|Permanent time observation in the United States|Decree time|Summer time in Europe#Future|label2=Decree time in Russia|Daylight saving time in Asia#Asian countries not using DST| Daylight saving time in Brazil}}Opposition to changing the clocks twice a year broadly takes three forms:

* a preference for year-round daylight saving time,
* a preference for year-round standard time, and
* a desire to "lock the clock", regardless of whether the result is year-round daylight or year-round standard time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Rita |date=2023-03-28 |title=Groundswell Grows for Permanent Daylight Saving Time, but Medical Societies Overwhelmingly Support Year-Round Standard Time |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2802477 |journal=JAMA |volume=329 |issue=12 |pages=965–967 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.0159 |issn=0098-7484 |via=<!-- [[WP:TWL]] -->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=Rasheedah |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dismantling_the_Master_s_Clock/1REEEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22lock+the+clock%22&pg=RA1-PA62&printsec=frontcover |title=Dismantling the Master's Clock: On Race, Space, and Time |date=2025-01-28 |publisher=[[AK Press]] |isbn=978-1-84935-562-9 |pages=<!-- no page numbers; URL is set to correct page --> |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Willett memorial.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A standing stone in a grassy field surrounded by trees. The stone contains a vertical sundial centered on 1 o'clock, and is inscribed "HORAS NON NUMERO NISI ÆSTIVAS" and "SUMMER TIME ACT 1925"|The [[William Willett]] Memorial Sundial in [[Petts Wood]], south London, is always on DST.]]
A move to permanent daylight saving time (staying on summer hours all year with no clock shifts) is sometimes advocated and is currently implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Belarus,<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|last=Parfitt|first=Tom|title=Think of the cows: clocks go forward for the last time in Russia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/25/clocks-go-forward-last-time-russia?|access-date=5 January 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 March 2011|archive-date=27 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027103418/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/25/clocks-go-forward-last-time-russia|url-status=live}}</ref> Iceland, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco,<ref name="sgg.gov 2018" /> Namibia, [[Northern Cyprus]], [[Paraguay]], [[Time in Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]], Singapore, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and [[Yukon]]. Although Saskatchewan follows Central Standard Time, its capital city [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]] experiences solar noon close to 13:00, in effect putting the city on permanent daylight time. Similarly, Yukon is classified as being in the Mountain Time Zone, though in effect it observes permanent Pacific Daylight Time to align with the Pacific time zone in summer, but local solar noon in the capital [[Whitehorse]] occurs nearer to 14:00, in effect putting Whitehorse on "double daylight time".{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The United Kingdom and Ireland put clocks forward by an extra hour during World War II and experimented with year-round summer time between 1968 and 1971.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hollingshead|first1=Iain|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/24/comment.mainsection2|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=June 2006|title=Whatever happened to Double Summer Time?|access-date=18 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322153129/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/24/comment.mainsection2|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the extremely late winter sunrises; in 2014, Russia switched permanently back to standard time.<ref name=Russia>{{cite news|title=Russia set to turn back the clocks with daylight-saving time shift|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/russia-state-duma-daylight-saving-time-summer|access-date=25 October 2014|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=1 July 2014|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221105745/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/russia-state-duma-daylight-saving-time-summer|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the change to permanent DST has proven popular in Turkey, with the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources saying the practice saves "millions in energy costs and reduces depression and anxiety levels associated with short exposure to daylight".<ref name="Daily Sabah 2021">{{cite web | title=Turkey will not turn back the clock for daylight saving time | website=Daily Sabah | date=7 December 2021 | url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/turkey-will-not-turn-back-the-clock-for-daylight-saving-time/news | access-date=20 September 2022}}</ref>

In September 2018, the [[European Commission]] proposed to end seasonal clock changes as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_18_5641 |website=European Commission |access-date=23 October 2020 |language=en |date=12 September 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023093627/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_18_5641 |url-status=live }}</ref> Member states would have the option of observing either daylight saving time all year round or standard time all year round. In March 2019, the European Parliament approved the commission's proposal, while deferring implementation from 2019 until 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/26/european-parliament-votes-to-scrap-daylight-saving-time-from-2021 |title=European parliament votes to scrap daylight saving time from 2021 |date=26 March 2019 |access-date=9 July 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |edition=US |archive-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620184806/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/26/european-parliament-votes-to-scrap-daylight-saving-time-from-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to this proposition, the European Sleep Research Society stated "installing permanent Central European Time (CET, standard time or 'wintertime') is the best option for public health."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://esrs.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/To_the_EU_Commission_on_DST.pdf | date = March 2019 | title = To the EU Commission on DST | access-date = 4 November 2021 | archive-date = 30 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201230052703/https://esrs.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/To_the_EU_Commission_on_DST.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> {{As of|2020|October}}, the decision has not been confirmed{{Fix|text=Needs update}} by the Council of the European Union.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seasonal clock change in the EU |url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/summertime_en |website=Mobility and Transport – European Commission |access-date=23 October 2020 |language=en |date=22 September 2016 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630055330/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/summertime_en |url-status=live }}</ref> The council has asked the commission to produce a detailed assessment of its effects, but the Commission considers that the onus is on the Member States to find a common position in Council.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Posaner |first1=Joshua |last2=Cokelaere |first2=Hanne |title=Stopping the clock on seasonal time changes? Not anytime soon |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-blame-game-over-failure-to-end-clock-change/ |work=Politico |date=24 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026084133/https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-blame-game-over-failure-to-end-clock-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, progress on the issue is effectively blocked.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawson |first1=Patrick |title=The plan to abolish the time change is "completely blocked" at European level, says specialist in European issues |url=https://www.geads.co.uk/2020/10/25/the-plan-to-remove-the-time-change-is-completely-blocked-at-european-level-says-specialist-in-european-issues/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210212075621/https://www.geads.co.uk/2020/10/25/the-plan-to-remove-the-time-change-is-completely-blocked-at-european-level-says-specialist-in-european-issues/|work=Geads News |date=18 November 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the United States, several states have enacted legislation to implement permanent DST, but the bills would require Congress to change federal law in order to take effect. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 permits states to opt out of DST and observe permanent standard time, but it does not permit permanent DST.<ref name="ncsl">{{cite web |title=Daylight Saving Time State Legislation |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/daylight-savings-time-state-legislation.aspx |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/11/01/daylight-saving-time-ends-sunday-get-ready-fall-back/1846836002/ |title=Fall back! Daylight saving time ends Sunday |work=USA Today |date=1 November 2018 |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102013103/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/11/01/daylight-saving-time-ends-sunday-get-ready-fall-back/1846836002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Florida]] [[Senate|senator]] [[Marco Rubio]] in particular has promoted changing the federal law to implement permanent DST,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rubio's Bill to Make Daylight Saving Time Permanent Passes Senate |url=https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2022/3/rubio-s-bill-to-make-daylight-saving-time-permanent-passes-senate |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=rubio.senate.gov |date=15 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> with the support of the Florida Chamber of Commerce seeking to boost evening revenue.<ref name="haughey-2020">{{cite news |last1=Haughey |first1=John |title=Time – and money – at stake in Florida-led proposal to extend daylight saving |url=https://www.thecentersquare.com/florida/time-and-money-at-stake-in-florida-led-proposal-to-extend-daylight-saving/article_0a06424c-f9c6-11ea-bbf5-53dce3e5869d.html |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=The Center Square Florida |date=18 September 2022 |quote=The Florida Chamber of Commerce and state business associations maintain an extra hour of sunlight in the winter, during peak tourist season, would translate into more sales.}}</ref> In 2022, Rubio's "Sunshine Protection Act" passed the United States Senate without committee review by way of [[Voice vote#United States|voice consent]], with many senators afterward stating they were unaware of the vote or its topic.<ref name="mcleod-2022">{{cite news |last1=McLeod |first1=Paul |title=Everyone Was Surprised By The Senate Passing Permanent Daylight Saving Time. Especially The Senators. |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/paulmcleod/daylight-saving-time-senate |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=BuzzFeed |date=17 March 2022}}</ref> The bill was stopped in the US House, where questions were raised as to whether permanent DST or standard time would be more beneficial.<ref name="howell-2022">{{cite news |last1=Howell |first1=Tom Jr. |title=Rubio to keep fighting for permanent daylight saving time after clock runs out for this Congress |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/dec/21/marco-rubio-keep-fighting-permanent-daylight-savin/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="schnell-2022">{{cite news |last1=Schnell |first1=Mychael |title=Permanent daylight saving time hits brick wall in House |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3571007-permanent-daylight-saving-time-hits-brick-wall-in-house/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=The Hill |date=25 July 2022}}</ref> Polling as of 2025 shows a majority of Americans polled now prefer to permanently end DST, with 54% of Americans reporting that a permanent switch to standard time would be preferable. The emergent majority indicates that permanent DST would also be preferred over no change, with the least popular activity being the changing of the time twice per year regardless of DST or standard time being the permanent method of keeping time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Mary Claire |last2=Jones |first2=Jeffrey M. |date=2025-03-04 |title=More Than Half in U.S. Want Daylight Saving Time Sunsetted |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/657584/half-daylight-saving-time-sunsetted.aspx |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[Gallup, Inc.]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuccille |first=J. D. |date=2025-03-10 |title=We're overdue to end Daylight Saving Time |url=https://reason.com/2025/03/10/were-overdue-to-end-daylight-saving-time/|access-date=2025-03-11 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice-yearly clock shifts. Additional benefits have also been cited, including safer roadways, boosting the tourism industry, and energy savings. Detractors cite the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails.<ref name="Handwerk">{{cite magazine|last= Handwerk|first= Brian|title= Permanent Daylight Saving Time? Might Boost Tourism, Efficiency|url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/travelnews/2011/11/111104-daylight-saving-time-science-travel/|magazine= National Geographic|access-date= 5 January 2012|date= 6 November 2011|archive-date= 9 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190409104629/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/travelnews/2011/11/111104-daylight-saving-time-science-travel/|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Some experts in circadian rhythms and [[Sleep hygiene|sleep health]] recommend year-round standard time as the preferred option for public health and safety.<ref name="The Globe and Mail"/><ref name="The Sacramento Bee"/><ref name="U Calgary News"/><ref name="CBC News"/> However, some experts state that permanent daylight saving time is still a better option when compared to annual clock changes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=The Health News |date=2022-11-04 |title=Is Daylight Saving Time Good or Bad? {{!}} Sharp HealthCare |url=https://www.sharp.com/health-news/the-pros-and-cons-of-permanent-daylight-saving-time-dst |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.sharp.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kernan 2022">{{cite web | last=Kernan | first=Megan | title=Sleep experts weigh in on Senate approving bill to make Daylight Saving Time permanent | date=18 March 2022 | url=https://www.weau.com/2022/03/18/sleep-experts-weigh-senate-approving-bill-make-daylight-saving-time-permanent/ | access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref>  Several [[chronobiology]] societies have published position papers against adopting DST permanently. A paper by the [[Society for Research on Biological Rhythms]] states: "based on comparisons of large populations living in DST or ST or on western versus eastern edges of time zones, the advantages of permanent ST outweigh switching to DST annually or permanently."<ref>{{cite journal | title = Why Should We Abolish Daylight Saving Time? | doi = 10.1177/0748730419854197 | journal = Journal of Biological Rhythms | first1 = Till | last1 = Roenneberg | first2 = Anna | last2 = Wirz-Justice | first3 = Debra J | last3 = Skene | last4 = etc. | date = 6 June 2019 | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 227–230 | pmid = 31170882 | pmc = 7205184 }}</ref> The World Federation of Societies for Chronobiology recommended "reassigning countries and regions to their actual sun-clock based time zones" and held the position of being "against the switching between DST and Standard Time and even more so against adopting DST permanently."<ref>{{cite journal | title = Daylight Saving Time and Artificial Time Zones – A Battle Between Biological and Social Times | journal = Frontiers in Physiology | first1 = Till | last1 = Roenneberg | first2 = Eva C. | last2 = Winnebeck | first3 = Elizabeth B. | last3 = Klerman | date = 7 August 2019 | volume = 10 | page = 944 | doi = 10.3389/fphys.2019.00944 | pmid = 31447685 | pmc = 6692659 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[American Academy of Sleep Medicine]] (AASM) holds the position that "seasonal time changes should be abolished in favor of a fixed, national, year-round standard time,"<ref>{{cite journal | date = 15 October 2020 | title = Daylight saving time: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement | journal = J Clin Sleep Med | volume = 16 | issue = 10 | pages = 1781–1784 | first1 = Muhammad Adeel | last1 = Rishi | first2 = Omer | last2 = Ahmed | first3 = Jairo H. | last3 = Barrantes Perez | last4 = etc. | doi = 10.5664/jcsm.8780 | pmid = 32844740 | pmc = 7954020 | s2cid = 221329004 }}</ref> and that "standard time is a better option than daylight saving time for our health, mood and well-being."<ref name="aasm-2022">{{cite web |title=American Academy of Sleep Medicine opposes permanent daylight saving time bill |date=23 May 2022 |url=https://aasm.org/aasm-opposes-permanent-daylight-saving-time-sunshine-protection-act/ |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref> Their position was endorsed by 20 other organizations, including the [[American College of Chest Physicians]], [[National Safety Council]], and [[Parent–teacher association#United States|National PTA]].<ref name="aasm-2020">{{cite web |title=American Academy of Sleep Medicine calls for elimination of daylight saving time |date=27 August 2020 |url=https://aasm.org/american-academy-of-sleep-medicine-calls-for-elimination-of-daylight-saving-time/ |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>

Surveys reported between 2021 and 2022 by the National Sleep Foundation, [[YouGov]], [[CBS]], and [[Monmouth University]] indicate more Americans would prefer permanent DST.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Claire |date=14 March 2021 |title=Sleep Awareness Week 2021: Over 70% say daylight saving time change doesn't affect sleep |url=https://www.toptenreviews.com/sleep-awareness-week-2021-70-say-daylight-savings-change-doesnt-affect-sleep |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=TopTenReviews |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Almanac.com 2023">{{cite web | title=States Object to Changing the Clocks for Daylight Saving Time | website=Almanac.com | date=6 January 2023 | url=https://www.almanac.com/states-object-changing-clocks-daylight-saving-time | access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Daylight Saving Time: Americans want to stay permanently 'sprung forward' and not 'fall back' {{!}} YouGov |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2021/11/04/daylight-saving-time-americans-want-stay-permanent |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=today.yougov.com |language=en-us}}</ref> A 2019 survey by the [[NORC at the University of Chicago|National Opinion Research Center]] and a 2021 survey by the [[Associated Press]] indicate more Americans would prefer permanent Standard Time.<ref name="apnorc-2019">{{cite web |title=Daylight Saving Time vs Standard Time |url=https://apnorc.org/projects/daylight-saving-time-vs-standard-time/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |date=2019}}</ref><ref name="apnorc-2021">{{cite web |title=Dislike for changing the clocks persists |url=https://apnorc.org/projects/dislike-for-changing-the-clocks-persists/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> The National Sleep Foundation, YouGov, and Monmouth University polls leaned significantly in favor of seeing daylight saving time made permanent. The Monmouth University poll reported 44% preferring year-round DST and 13% preferring year-round standard time.<ref name="Almanac.com 2023"/> The [[NORC at the University of Chicago]] found 79% of those interviewed to be in favor of permanent DST during the [[1973 oil crisis|Oil Crisis]] in December 1973; 42% of poll takers supported it the following February.<ref name="ripley-1974">{{cite news |last1=Ripley |first1=Anthony |title=Senate Votes Return to Standard Time For Four Months and Sends Bill to Ford |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/01/archives/senate-votes-return-to-standard-time-for-four-months-and-sends-bill.html |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=1 October 1974}}</ref>

As of 2025, polls indicate a slight majority of those polled in the United States favor abolishing DST,<ref name=":0" /> with momentum gaining in all areas where the practice persists either to abolish DST and switch permanently to standard time,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Places around the world that opt out of daylight savings - and why |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240308-daylight-savings-reasons-history-health-hazards-countries-that-abolished |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=BBC|author-first1=Jennifer|author-last1=Chesak|language=en-GB}}</ref> or to make DST permanent. Common arguments for abolishing or making DST permanent include health risks, economic costs, lost sleep, and disruptions to daily routines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=7 Things to Know About Daylight Saving Time {{!}} Johns Hopkins {{!}} Bloomberg School of Public Health |url=https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/7-things-to-know-about-daylight-saving-time#:~:text=Making%20the%20shift%20can%20increase,a%20professor%20in%20Mental%20Health. |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=publichealth.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref>