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==Other== === Kongo religion === The [[Kongo people|Bakongo people]] traditionally believe in [[Nzambi a Mpungu|Nzambi Mpungu]], the Creator God, whom the Portuguese compared to [[God in Christianity|the Christian God]] during colonization. They also believe his female counterpart called ''Nzambici'', the ancestors (''bakulu'') as well as guardian spirits, such as Lemba, the [[Simbi|basimbi]], [[Nkisi|bakisi]] and bakita.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Ras Michael |title=African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry |publisher=Cambridge |year=2012 |isbn=9781107668829 |edition=1st |location=New York, NY |pages=90–114}}</ref> Oral tradition accounts that in the beginning, there was only a circular void (''mbûngi'') with no life.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Asante |first1=Molefi Kete |title=Encyclopedia of African Religion |last2=Mazama |first2=Ama |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-1412936361 |pages=120–124, 165–166, 361}}</ref> Nzambi Mpungu summoned a spark of fire (''Kalûnga'') that grew until it filled the mbûngi. When it grew too large, Kalûnga became a great force of energy and unleashed heated elements across space, forming the universe with the sun, stars, planets, etc.<ref name=":02"/> Because of this, Kalûnga is seen as the origin of life and a force of motion. The Bakongo believe that life requires constant change and perpetual motion. Nzambi Mpunga is also referred to as Kalûnga, the God of change.<ref name=":02"/> Similarities between the Bakongo belief of Kalûnga and the [[Big Bang|Big Bang Theory]] have been studied.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Luyaluka |first=Kiatezua Lubanzadio |date=2017 |title=The Spiral as the Basic Semiotic of the Kongo Religion, the Bukongo |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=91–112 |doi=10.1177/0021934716678984 |jstor=26174215 |s2cid=152037988 |issn=0021-9347|doi-access=free }}</ref> Nzambi is also said to have created two worlds. As Kalûnga filled mbûngi, it created an invisible line that divided the circle in half.<ref name=":02"/> The top half represents the physical world (''Ku Nseke'' or ''nsi a bamôyo''), while the bottom half represents the spiritual world of the ancestors (''Ku Mpèmba'').<ref name=":1" /> The Kalûnga line separates these two worlds, and all living things exists on one side or another.<ref name=":02" /> After creation, the line and the mbûngi circle became a river, carrying people between the worlds at birth and death. Then the process repeats and a person is reborn.<ref name=":02" /> A simbi (pl. bisimbi) is a water spirit that is believed to inhabit bodies of water and rocks, having the ability to guide ''bakulu'', or the ancestors, along the Kalûnga line to the spiritual world after death. They are also present during the [[baptism]]s of [[Black church|African American Christians]], according to [[Hoodoo (spirituality)|Hoodoo tradition]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Jeffrey E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pFxDwAAQBAJ&dq=simbi&pg=PA108 |title=Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure: A Handbook |date=2008 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313342226 |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Manigault-Bryant |first1=LeRhonda S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw8tBAAAQBAJ&q=spirits |title=Talking to the Dead: Religion, Music, and Lived Memory among Gullah/Geechee Women |date=2014 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9780822376705 |location=Durham}}</ref> ===Chinese traditional cosmology=== [[Pangu]] can be interpreted as another creator deity. In the beginning there was nothing in the [[universe]] except a formless [[Chaos (cosmogony)|chaos]]. However this chaos began to coalesce into a [[world egg|cosmic egg]] for eighteen thousand years. Within it, the perfectly opposed principles of [[yin and yang]] became balanced and Pangu emerged (or woke up) from the egg. Pangu is usually depicted as a primitive, hairy [[giant (mythology)|giant]] with horns on his head and clad in furs. Pangu set about the task of creating the world: he separated Yin from Yang with a swing of his giant axe, creating the [[Earth]] (murky ''Yin'') and the [[Sky]] (clear ''Yang''). To keep them separated, Pangu stood between them and pushed up the Sky. This task took eighteen thousand years, with each day the sky grew ten feet higher, the Earth ten feet wider, and Pangu ten feet taller. In some versions of the story, Pangu is aided in this task by the four most prominent beasts, namely the [[Turtle]], the [[Qilin]], the [[Chinese phoenix|Phoenix]], and the [[Chinese dragon|Dragon]]. After eighteen thousand years<ref>(Note: In ancient China, 18,000 does not exactly mean eighteen thousand, it is meant to be "many", or "a number that could not be counted").</ref> had elapsed, Pangu was laid to rest. His breath became the [[wind]]; his voice the [[thunder]]; left eye the [[sun]] and right eye the [[moon]]; his body became the [[mountain]]s and extremes of the world; his blood formed rivers; his muscles the fertile lands; his facial hair the stars and milky way; his fur the bushes and forests; his bones the valuable minerals; his bone marrows sacred diamonds; his sweat fell as rain; and the fleas on his fur carried by the wind became [[human being]]s all over the world. The first writer to record the myth of Pangu was [[Xu Zheng (Eastern Wu)|Xu Zheng]] during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period. [[Shangdi]] is another creator deity, possibly prior to Pangu; sharing concepts similar to Abrahamic faiths. ===Kazakh=== According to [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] folk tales, Jasagnan is the creator of the world.<ref>[http://www.chinesefolklore.org.cn/blog/?uid-2072-action-viewspace-itemid-10038 人类起源神话:西北地区民族(04):哈萨克族2-1]</ref>
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