Editing Cranberry (section)

=== Urinary tract infections ===
A 2023 [[Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane]] [[systematic review]] of 50 studies concluded there is evidence that consuming cranberry products (such as juice or capsules) is effective for reducing the risk of [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs) in women with recurrent UTIs, in children, and in people susceptible to UTIs following clinical interventions; there was little evidence of effect in elderly people, those with [[Urination#Disorders|urination disorders]] or pregnant women.<ref name="Cochrane2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Stothart |first2=Christopher I. |last3=Hahn |first3=Deirdre |last4=Stephens |first4=Jacqueline H. |last5=Craig |first5=Jonathan C. |last6=Hodson |first6=Elisabeth M. |display-authors=3|date=10 November 2023 |title=Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=11 |pages=CD001321 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub7 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=10636779 |pmid=37947276}}</ref>

When the quality of [[meta-analyses]] on the efficacy of consuming cranberry products for preventing or treating UTIs is examined with the weaker evidence that is available, large variation and uncertainty of effects are seen, resulting from inconsistencies of [[clinical research]] design and inadequate numbers of subjects.<ref name="liska">{{cite journal|pmc=4863270|year=2016|last1=Liska|first1=D. J.|title=Cranberries and Urinary Tract Infections: How Can the Same Evidence Lead to Conflicting Advice?|journal=Advances in Nutrition|volume=7|issue=3|pages=498–506|last2=Kern|first2=H. J.|last3=Maki|first3=K. C.|doi=10.3945/an.115.011197|pmid=27184277}}</ref> In 2014, the [[European Food Safety Authority]] reviewed the evidence for one brand of cranberry extract and concluded that a [[causality|cause and effect relationship]] had not been established between cranberry consumption and reduced risk of UTIs.<ref name="efsa">{{cite journal |author=EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) |title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to CranMax® and reduction of the risk of urinary tract infection by inhibiting the adhesion of certain bacteria in the urinary tract pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061 |journal=EFSA Journal |date=May 2014 |volume=12 |issue=5 |id=3657 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3657 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 2022 review of international [[urology]] guidelines on UTI found that most clinical organizations felt the evidence for use of cranberry products to inhibit UTIs was conflicting, unconvincing or weak.<ref name="kwok">{{cite journal|display-authors=3 |vauthors=Kwok M, McGeorge S, Mayer-Coverdale J, Graves B, Paterson DL, Harris PN, Esler R, Dowling C, Britton S, Roberts MJ |title=Guideline of guidelines: management of recurrent urinary tract infections in women (table 2) |journal=British Journal of Urology International |volume=130 Suppl 3 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=11–22 |date=November 2022 |pmid=35579121 |pmc=9790742 |doi=10.1111/bju.15756 }}</ref>