Editing Cosmic inflation (section)

===Effects of asymmetries===
{{Main|Primordial fluctuations}}
Eventually, it was shown that new inflation does not produce a perfectly symmetric universe, but that quantum fluctuations in the inflaton are created. These fluctuations form the primordial seeds for all structure created in the later universe.<ref name=Hartle>{{cite book |last=Hartle |first=J.B. |year=2003 |title=Gravity: An introduction to Einstein's general relativity |edition=1st |publisher=Addison Wesley |isbn=978-0-8053-8662-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gravityintroduct00hart_100/page/n423 411] |url=https://archive.org/details/gravityintroduct00hart_100 |url-access=limited |via=archive.org }}</ref> These fluctuations were first calculated by [[Viatcheslav Mukhanov]] and G. V. Chibisov in analyzing Starobinsky's similar model.<ref>See {{harvp|Linde|1990}} and {{harvp|Mukhanov|2005}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chibisov |first1=Viatcheslav F. |last2=Chibisov |first2=G. V. |date=1981 |title=Quantum fluctuation and "nonsingular" universe |journal=[[JETP Letters]] |volume=33 |pages=532–535 |bibcode=1981JETPL..33..532M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Viatcheslav F. |last=Mukhanov |author-link=Viatcheslav Mukhanov |date=1982 |title=The vacuum energy and large scale structure of the universe |journal=[[Soviet Physics JETP]] |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=258–265 |bibcode=1982JETP...56..258M }}</ref> In the context of inflation, they were worked out independently of the work of Mukhanov and Chibisov at the three-week 1982 Nuffield Workshop on the Very Early Universe at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]].<ref>See {{harvp|Guth|1997}} for a popular description of the workshop, or ''The Very Early Universe'', eds Gibbon, Hawking, & Siklos, {{ISBN|0-521-31677-4}}, for a more detailed report.</ref> The fluctuations were calculated by four groups working separately over the course of the workshop: [[Stephen Hawking]];<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hawking |first=S.W. |author-link=Stephen Hawking |year=1982 |title=The development of irregularities in a single bubble inflationary universe |journal=[[Physics Letters B]] |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=295–297 |bibcode=1982PhLB..115..295H |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(82)90373-2}}</ref> Starobinsky;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Starobinsky |first=Alexei A. |year=1982 |title=Dynamics of phase transition in the new inflationary universe scenario and generation of perturbations|journal=[[Physics Letters B]] |volume=117 |issue=3–4 |pages=175–178 |bibcode=1982PhLB..117..175S |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(82)90541-X }}</ref> [[Alan Guth]] and [[So-Young Pi]];<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guth |first1=Alan H. |author1-link=Alan Guth |first2=So-Young |last2=Pi |author2-link=So-Young Pi |year=1982 |title=Fluctuations in the new inflationary universe |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=49 |issue=15 |pages=1110–1113 |bibcode=1982PhRvL..49.1110G |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1110}}</ref> and [[James M. Bardeen|James Bardeen]], [[Paul Steinhardt]] and [[Michael Turner (cosmologist)|Michael Turner]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bardeen |first1=James M. |author1-link=James M. Bardeen |last2=Steinhardt |first2=Paul J. |author2-link=Paul Steinhardt |last3=Turner |first3=Michael S. |author3-link=Michael Turner (cosmologist) |year=1983 |title=Spontaneous creation of almost scale-free density perturbations in an inflationary universe |journal=[[Physical Review D]] |volume=28 |issue= 4|pages=679–693 |bibcode=1983PhRvD..28..679B |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.28.679 }}</ref>