Editing Conversion therapy (section)

==Legal status==
{{main|Legality of conversion therapy}}
[[File:Countries banning conversion therapy.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Map of jurisdictions that have bans on sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts with minors as of January 2025:
{{legend|Navy|Criminal prohibition against conversion therapy on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity}}
{{legend|#0000ff|Only medical professionals are banned from performing conversion therapy}}
{{legend|Gold|Ban on conversion therapy pending or proposed}}
{{legend|LightGrey|No ban on conversion therapy}}]]
Some jurisdictions have criminal bans on the practice of conversion therapy, including Canada, Ecuador, France,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2022 |title=France Passed Law To Protect LGBTQ People From 'Conversion Therapy' |url=https://lqioo.com/europe-news/france-passed-law-to-protect-lgbtq-people-from-conversion-therapy |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=LQIOO |language=en-US}}</ref> Germany, Malta, Mexico and Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legislative Services Branch |date=2022-01-10 |title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, An Act to amend the Criminal Code (conversion therapy) |url=https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/annualstatutes/2021_24/page-1.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=laws.justice.gc.ca |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211034855/https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/annualstatutes/2021_24/page-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In other countries, including Albania, Brazil, Chile, Vietnam and Taiwan, medical professionals are barred from practicing conversion therapy.<ref name=Trispiotis/>

In some states, lawsuits against conversion therapy providers for [[fraud]] have succeeded, but in other jurisdictions those claiming fraud must prove that the perpetrator was intentionally dishonest. Thus, a provider who genuinely believes conversion therapy is effective could not be convicted.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Purshouse |first1=Craig |last2=Trispiotis |first2=Ilias |title=Is 'conversion therapy' tortious? |journal=Legal Studies |date=2022 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=23–41 |doi=10.1017/lst.2021.28 |s2cid=236227920 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Conversion therapy on minors may amount to [[child abuse]].<ref name=irct/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Canady |first1=Valerie |title=New report calls for an end to 'conversion therapy' for youth |journal=The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter |date=2015 |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1002/cbl.30088}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Cory |title=A Failed Experiment: Conversion Therapy as Child Abuse |journal=Roger Williams University Law Review |date=2022 |volume=27 |issue=1 |url=https://docs.rwu.edu/rwu_LR/vol27/iss1/3/ |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924072750/https://docs.rwu.edu/rwu_LR/vol27/iss1/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Human rights===
In 2020, the [[International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims]] released an official statement that conversion therapy is torture.<ref name=irct>{{cite web |title=Conversion Therapy is Torture |url=https://irct.org/media-and-resources/latest-news/article/1027 |website=International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims |access-date=31 May 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107053543/https://irct.org/media-and-resources/latest-news/article/1027 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The same year, UN Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity, [[Victor Madrigal-Borloz]], said that conversion therapy practices are "inherently discriminatory, that they are [[cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment]], and that depending on the severity or physical or mental pain and suffering inflicted to the victim, they may amount to torture". He recommended that it should be banned across the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/ConversionTherapy_and_HR.aspx |title='Conversion therapy' Can Amount to Torture and Should be Banned says UN Expert |date=July 13, 2020 |website=United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner |access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> In 2021, Ilias Trispiotis and Craig Purshouse argue that conversion therapy violates the prohibition against degrading treatment under [[Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights]], leading to a state obligation to prohibit it.<ref name=Trispiotis>{{cite journal |last1=Trispiotis |first1=Ilias |last2=Purshouse |first2=Craig |title='Conversion Therapy' As Degrading Treatment |journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies |date=2021 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=104–132 |doi=10.1093/ojls/gqab024|pmid=35264896 |pmc=8902017 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nugraha |first1=Ignatius Yordan |title=The compatibility of sexual orientation change efforts with international human rights law |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |date=2017 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=176–192 |doi=10.1177/0924051917724654|s2cid=220052834 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In February 2023 [[Commissioner for Human Rights]], [[Dunja Mijatović]], qualified those practices as “irreconcilable with several guarantees under the European Convention on Human Rights" and having no place in a human rights-based society urging the Member States of the Council of Europe to ban them for both adults and minors,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nothing to cure: putting an end to so-called "conversion therapies" for LGBTI people - Commissioner for Human Rights - www.coe.int |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/nothing-to-cure-putting-an-end-to-so-called-conversion-therapies-for-lgbti-people |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Commissioner for Human Rights |language=en-GB}}</ref> later in July 2023 she advocated for clear actions during a public hearing at the [[European Parliament]] studying different approaches to legally ban "conversion therapies" in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-17 |title='Conversion therapies' in the EU: MEPs discuss potential ban with experts {{!}} News {{!}} European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20230717IPR03013/conversion-therapies-in-the-eu-meps-discuss-potential-ban-with-experts |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140351/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20230717IPR03013/conversion-therapies-in-the-eu-meps-discuss-potential-ban-with-experts |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2024 it was reported that the European Union is considering banning "conversion therapies" across its Member States,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramsay |first=Max |date=2024-09-17 |title=EU to Pursue Ban on Conversion Therapy in New LGBTQ Strategy |url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/politics/2024/09/17/eu-to-pursue-ban-on-conversion-therapy-in-new-lgbtq-strategy/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=BNN Bloomberg |language=en}}</ref> while a [[European Citizens' Initiative]] that started collecting signatures in May 2024 is also calling on the [[European Commission]] to outlaw such practices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Initiative detail {{!}} European Citizens' Initiative |url=https://citizens-initiative.europa.eu/initiatives/details/2024/000001_en |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=citizens-initiative.europa.eu}}</ref>