Editing Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor (section)

====Hungary====

[[File:Portrayal of Stephen I, King of Hungary on the coronation pall.jpg|thumb|Stephen as depicted on the coronation pall]]
With emperor Otto III's approval, Stephen was crowned as the first Christian [[king of Hungary]] on [[Christmas Day]], 1000.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=28}} Otto III's successor, [[Emperor Henry II]], was Stephen's brother-in-law by Stephen's marriage to Henry's sister [[Gisela of Hungary|Gisela]], furthering the friendly relationship between the Empire and Hungary. Under Conrad II, however, relations quickly turned hostile as Conrad pursued a more aggressive policy regarding eastern Europe.{{sfn|Lenkey|2003|p=90}} Conrad II expelled the [[Doge of Venice|Venetian doge]] [[Otto Orseolo]], the husband of Stephen's sister [[Grimelda of Hungary]] from Venice in 1026.{{sfn|Lenkey|2003|p=90}}{{sfn|Györffy|1994|p=148}} Conrad also persuaded the Bavarians to accept his own infant son, [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry]], as their duke in 1027, although Stephen's son, [[Saint Emeric of Hungary|Emeric of Hungary]], had a legitimate claim to the [[Duchy of Bavaria]] through his mother.{{sfn|Wolfram|2006|p=187}}

Emperor Conrad planned a marriage alliance with the [[Byzantine Empire]] and dispatched one of his advisors, Bishop [[Werner I (Bishop of Strasbourg)|Werner of Strasbourg]], to [[Constantinople]].{{sfn|Butler|Cumming|Burns|1998|p=159}}{{sfn|Wolfram|2006|pp=197–198}} The bishop presented himself as a pilgrim, but Stephen, who had been informed of his actual purpose, refused to let him enter the country in the autumn of 1027.{{sfn|Butler|Cumming|Burns|1998|p=159}}{{sfn|Wolfram|2006|pp=197–198}} Conrad's biographer [[Wipo of Burgundy]] recorded that the Bavarians incited skirmishes along the common Imperial-Hungarian border in 1029, causing a rapid deterioration in relations between the two countries.{{sfn|Györffy|1994|p=149}}{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=74}} In 1030, open conflict erupted. Conrad launched an invasion into Hungary but was forced to retreat when the Hungarians successfully used [[scorched earth]] tactics. Conrad departed to address the problem with his stepson [[Ernest II, Duke of Swabia|Ernest II]], the deposed [[Duke of Swabia]], leaving matters in Hungary to his son Henry. Henry settled the conflict by 1031 by bestowing titles to eastern Bavarian lands between the [[Lajta]] and [[Fischa]] rivers to the Hungarian nobility. Hungary and the Empire remained at peace from 1031 to Henry's own reign as Emperor in 1040.{{sfn|Györffy|1994|pp=149–150}}