Editing Computing (section)

=== Information systems ===
{{Main|Information system}}

Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software (see information technology) that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute [[data (computing)|data]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwmatthes.in.tum.de/wikis/system-cartography/application-landscape|title=Definition of Application Landscape|date=21 January 2009|publisher=Software Engineering for Business Information Systems (sebis)|access-date=14 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305011857/http://wwwmatthes.in.tum.de/wikis/system-cartography/application-landscape|archive-date=5 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Denning |first=Peter |date=July 1999 |title=COMPUTER SCIENCE: THE DISCIPLINE |journal=Encyclopaedia of Computer Science (2000 Edition) |quote=The Domain of Computer Science: Even though computer science addresses both human-made and natural information processes, the main effort in the discipline has been directed toward human-made processes, especially information processing systems and machines}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jessup|first1=Leonard M.|first2=Joseph S.|last2=Valacich|date=2008|title=Information Systems Today|edition=3rd|publisher= Pearson Publishing|pages = –, 416}}</ref> The [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]'s ''Computing Careers'' describes IS as:
{{Blockquote|
"A majority of IS [degree] programs are located in business schools; however, they may have different names such as management information systems, computer information systems, or business information systems. All IS degrees combine business and computing topics, but the emphasis between technical and organizational issues varies among programs. For example, programs differ substantially in the amount of programming required."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://computingcareers.acm.org/index.html@page_id=9.html|title=Computing Degrees & Careers " Information Systems|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706021730/http://computingcareers.acm.org/index.html@page_id=9.html|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

The study of IS bridges business and [[computer science]], using the theoretical foundations of information and [[computation]] to study various business models and related [[algorithm]]ic processes within a computer science discipline.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Timothy |last2=Geist |first2=Robert |last3=Matzko |first3=Sarah |last4=Westall |first4=James |date=March 2004 |title=τ'εχνη: A First Step |journal=Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education |pages=125–129 |isbn= 1-58113-798-2 |quote=In 1999, Clemson University established a (graduate) degree program that bridges the arts and the sciences... All students in the program are required to complete graduate level work in both the arts and computer science}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Khazanchi |first=Deepak |author2=Bjorn Erik Munkvold |date=Summer 2000 |title=Is information system a science? an inquiry into the nature of the information systems discipline |journal=ACM SIGMIS Database |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=24–42 |issn=0095-0033 |doi=10.1145/381823.381834 |s2cid=52847480 |quote=From this we have concluded that IS is a science, i.e., a scientific discipline in contrast to purportedly non-scientific fields|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|quote=Computer Science is the study of all aspects of computer systems, from the theoretical foundations to the very practical aspects of managing large software projects |title= Bachelor of Information Sciences (Computer Science) |date=	24 February 2006 |url=http://study.massey.ac.nz/major.asp?major_code=2010&prog_code=93068 |website=Massey University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619125916/http://study.massey.ac.nz/major.asp?major_code=2010&prog_code=93068 |archive-date=19 June 2006 }}</ref>  The field of Computer Information Systems (CIS) studies computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society<ref>{{cite journal |last=Polack |first=Jennifer |date=December 2009 |title=Planning a CIS Education Within a CS Framework |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=100–106 |issn= 1937-4771}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Helen |author2=Onkar Sharma |date=February 2003 |title=A decade of experience with a common first year program for computer science, information systems and information technology majors |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=217–227 |issn=1937-4771 |quote=In 1988, a degree program in Computer Information Systems (CIS) was launched with the objective of providing an option for students who were less inclined to become programmers and were more interested in learning to design, develop, and implement Information Systems, and solve business problems using the systems approach}}</ref> while IS emphasizes functionality over design.<ref name="Freeman_Hart_2004">{{cite journal |last1=Freeman |first1=Peter |last2=Hart |first2=David |date=August 2004 |title=A Science of Design for Software-Intensive Systems |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=19–21 |issn= 0001-0782 |quote=Computer science and engineering needs an intellectually rigorous, analytical, teachable design process to ensure development of systems we all can live with ... Though the other components' connections to the software and their role in the overall design of the system are critical, the core consideration for a software-intensive system is the software itself, and other approaches to systematizing design have yet to solve the "software problem"—which won't be solved until software design is understood scientifically. |doi=10.1145/1012037.1012054|s2cid=14331332 }}</ref>