Editing Chinese art (section)

=== The Song and Yuan dynasties (960–1368) ===
{{Main|Culture of the Song dynasty}}
[[File:Wood Bodhisattva.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A wooden [[Bodhisattva]] from the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279 AD)]]
[[File:Zhang Shengwen. L'enseignement de Bouddha Sakyamuni.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''The [[Sakyamuni]] [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'', by Zhang Shengwen, 1173–1176 AD, [[Song dynasty]] period.]]

==== Song painting ====
During the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279), landscapes of more subtle expression appeared; immeasurable distances were conveyed through the use of blurred outlines, mountain contours disappearing into the mist, and impressionistic treatment of natural phenomena. Emphasis was placed on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony of man and nature, as perceived according to [[Taoist art|Taoist]] and [[Buddhist art|Buddhist]] concepts.

[[Liang Kai]] was a Chinese painter who lived in the 13th century (Song dynasty). He called himself "Madman Liang", and he spent his life drinking and painting. Eventually, he retired and became a [[Zen]] monk. Liang is credited with inventing the Zen school of Chinese art. [[Wen Tong]] was a painter who lived in the 11th century. He was famous for [[ink paintings of bamboo]]. He could hold two brushes in one hand and paint two different distanced bamboos simultaneously. He did not need to see the bamboo while he painted them because he had seen a lot of them.

[[Zhang Zeduan]] was a notable painter for his horizontal ''[[Along the River During Qingming Festival|Along the River During the Qingming Festival]]'' landscape and cityscape painting. It is considered one of China's most renowned paintings and has had many well-known remakes throughout Chinese history.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bradsher |first=Keith |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/03/arts/design/03pain.html?_r=2 |title='China's Mona Lisa' Makes a Rare Appearance in Hong Kong |location=China;Hong Kong;Great Britain |work=The New York Times  |date=July 3, 2007 |access-date=2011-11-13}}</ref> Other famous paintings include ''[[Gu Hongzhong|The Night Revels of Han Xizai]]'', originally painted by the [[Southern Tang]] artist [[Gu Hongzhong]] in the 10th century, while the well-known version of his painting is a 12th-century remake of the Song dynasty. This is a large horizontal handscroll of a domestic scene showing men of the [[Gentry (China)|gentry class]] being entertained by musicians and dancers while enjoying food, beverage, and wash basins provided by maidservants. In 2000, the modern artist [[Wang Qingsong]] created a parody of this painting with a long, horizontal photograph of people in modern clothing making similar facial expressions, poses, and hand gestures as the original painting.

{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 650
| align             = left
| image1            = Song Dynasty Hydraulic Mill for Grain.JPG
| image2            = 清明上河图.jpg
| image3            = Bianjing city gate.JPG
| image4            = Leifeng Pagoda in the Southern Song Dynasty by Li Song.jpg
| footer            = Various scenes from ''[[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]]''
}}

[[File:雪景图轴.传宋.马远.画.纸本设色.台北故宫博物院藏.jpg|180px|thumb|[[Ma Yuan (painter)|Ma Yuan]]'s Snowscape]]

{{clear}}

<gallery widths="170px" heights="200px">
Image:Chinesischer Maler des 11. Jahrhunderts (I) 001.jpg|''Buddhist Temple in the Mountains'', 11th century, ink on silk, [[Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art]], Kansas City (Missouri).
File:Guanyin 00.jpg|Seated [[Bodhisattva]] Avalokitesvara ([[Guanyin]]), wood and pigment, 11th century, Chinese [[Northern Song dynasty]], [[St. Louis Art Museum]]
File:Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg|''Almanac of birds and beasts'', typical example of the [[Gongbi]] styles popular during the Song
File:Three Friends of Winter by Zhao Mengjian.jpg|[[Three Friends of Winter]] depicting plum, pine and bamboo, still used for decoration during new year's by countries in the [[sinosphere]] 
File:Guo Zhongshu-Traveling on the River in Snow.jpg|''Traveling on the River in Snow''. Extremely intricate details give historians insight into [[Science and technology of the Song dynasty|medieval Chinese shipbuilding]].

File:北宋 徽宗 竹禽圖 卷-Finches and bamboo MET DP151504.jpg|[[Emperor Huizong of Song]] was a prolific painter
File:Li Anzhong's Bird on a Branch.gif|Li Anzhong's ''Bird on a Branch''; it has a circular shape because this was initially painted for a [[Tuanshan|circular fan]].
Image:Loquats and Mountain Bird.jpg|''[[Loquats]] and a Mountain Bird'', [[Southern Song dynasty|Southern Song]] (1127–1279); small album leaf paintings like this were popular amongst [[Gentry (China)|gentry]] and [[Scholar-bureaucrats|scholar-officials]].
File:Song-Palace1.jpg|''Auspicious Cranes'', by Emperor Huizong depicting a scene on top of Kaifeng city gate on 16 January 1112.
File:名绘集珍册 9 宋 李迪 春潮带雨.jpg|''The Spring Tide Brings Rain'' by [[Li Di]]
File:Ma Lin Guests.jpg|[[Tuanshan|Circular-fan]] painting by [[Ma Lin (painter)|Ma Lin]]
File:Li Di-Shrike on a Winter Tree.jpg|''Shrike on a tree in winter''; 1187 AD. 
File:Cui Bai - Wintry Sparrows.jpg|''Wintry Sparrows'' by [[Cui Bai]] 
File:Fan Kuan - Travelers Among Mountains and Streams - Google Art Project.jpg|''Travelers among Mountains and Streams'' (谿山行旅), [[Fan Kuan]] (c. 960 – 1032)
File:One Hundred Children Playing in the Spring.jpg|"One Hundred Children Playing in the Spring" by [[Su Hanchen]]((1094–1172))
File:The Knickknack Peddler.jpg|The Knickknack Peddler by Su Hanchen; depictions of common life became a popular motif during the prosperous years of the Song dynasty

</gallery>

{{Panorama
|image   = File:15 Qian Xuan Eight Flowers National Palace Museum Beijing.JPG
|height  = 160
|alt     = 
|caption = Qian Xuan's ''Eight Flowers'', 13th century.
|dir = ltr
}}

{{Panorama
|image   = File:Chen Rong - Nine Dragons.jpg
|height  = 160
|alt     = 
|caption = [[Nine Dragons (painting)]] by Chen Rong (c.1200-1266)
|dir = rtl
}}

{{Panorama
|image = File:Sung dynasty imperial procession6.jpg
|height = 150
|caption = A [[Northern Song dynasty]] imperial procession giving tribute to the [[Tian|Lord of Heaven]], depicting armed honor guards and officials, dated 1053–1065
|dir = rtl}}

==== Yuan painting ====
[[File:Emperor Taizu play Cuju.jpg|thumb|250px|A painting depicting [[Emperor Taizu of Song]] playing ''[[cuju]]'' (i.e. Chinese football) with his prime minister [[Zhao Pu]] (趙普) and other ministers, by the [[Yuan dynasty]] artist [[Qian Xuan]] (1235–1305)]]

With the fall of the Song dynasty in 1279, and the subsequent dislocation caused by the establishment of the [[Yuan dynasty]] by the [[Mongol]] conquerors, many court and literary artists retreated from social life, and returned to nature, through landscape paintings, and by renewing the "blue and green" style of the Tang era.<ref name="Capon and Pang, pg. 12">Capon and Pang, pg. 12</ref>

[[Wang Meng (painter)|Wang Meng]] was one such painter, and one of his most famous works is the ''Forest Grotto''. [[Zhao Mengfu]] was a Chinese scholar, painter and calligrapher during the [[Yuan dynasty]]. His rejection of the refined, gentle brushwork of his era in favor of the cruder style of the 8th century is considered to have brought about a revolution that created the modern Chinese landscape painting. There was also the vivid and detailed works of art by [[Qian Xuan]] (1235–1305), who had served the Song court, and out of patriotism refused to serve the Mongols, instead turning to painting. He was also famous for reviving and reproducing a more Tang dynasty style of painting.

The later Yuan dynasty is characterized by the work of the so-called "Four Great Masters". The most notable of these was [[Huang Gongwang]] (1269–1354) whose cool and restrained landscapes were admired by contemporaries, and by the Chinese literati painters of later centuries. Another of great influence was [[Ni Zan]] (1301–1374), who frequently arranged his compositions with a strong and distinct foreground and background, but left the middle-ground as an empty expanse. This scheme was frequently to be adopted by later [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing]] dynasty painters.<ref name="Capon and Pang, pg. 12"/>

====Pottery====
[[Chinese porcelain]] is made from a hard paste made of the clay [[kaolin]] and a [[feldspar]] called [[petuntse]], which cements the vessel and seals any [[wikt:pore|pores]]. ''China'' has become synonymous with high-quality porcelain. Most china pots comes from the city of [[Jingdezhen]] in [[Jiangxi]] province. [[Jingdezhen porcelain]], under a variety of names, has been central to porcelain production in China since at least the Yuan dynasty.