Editing Chatsworth House (section)

===6th Duke's garden (1826–58)===
[[File:The Rockeries, Chatsworth House, England (2).JPG|thumb|The Rockeries]]
[[File:Chatsworth House Fountain.jpg|thumb|upright|The Emperor Fountain]]
[[File:Neoclassical sculpture, Chatsworth House garden, England.JPG|thumb|Neoclassical sculpture, Chatsworth House garden]]

In 1826 a 23-year-old named [[Joseph Paxton]], who had trained at [[Kew Gardens]], was appointed head gardener at Chatsworth. The 6th Duke had inherited Chatsworth 15 years earlier and till then shown little interest in improving the neglected garden, but he soon formed a productive and extravagantly funded partnership with Paxton, who proved to be the most innovative garden designer of his era, and remains the greatest single influence on Chatsworth's garden. Features that survive from that time include:
*'''The Rockeries and The Strid''': In 1842 Paxton began work on a rockery of a gargantuan scale, piling rocks weighing several tons one on top of another. One was described thus by Lord Desart in the 1860s: "In one place a sort of miniature [[Matterhorn]] apparently blocked the path but with the touch of the finger it revolved on a metal axis and made a way to pass." It is now locked in place to comply with health and safety regulations. Another rock is so balanced that it can be swayed with little pressure. Two rocks are named after the Queen and Prince Albert and another after the Duke of Wellington, all of whom visited Chatsworth in the 6th Duke's time. The Wellington Rock, a structure of several piled rocks, is {{cvt|45|feet}} high. A small waterfall drips over it into a pond. Sometimes in winter the water freezes, creating icicles. The water flows into a pond created by Paxton called 'The Strid', named after a stretch of the [[River Wharfe]] on the Devonshires' [[Bolton Abbey]] estate, where the river is pressed into a turbulent chasm just a yard wide. Chatsworth's Strid is a placid stretch of water fringed with rocks and luxuriant vegetation and crossed by a rustic bridge.
*'''The Arboretum and Pinetum''': The 6th Duke's time was one of plant-hunting expeditions, with major new species readily discovered by intrepid botanists, and the Duke among the most generous sponsors. In 1829 he took an additional {{cvt|8|acre}} of the park into the garden to create a pinetum, and in 1835 Paxton began work on an [[arboretum]] planned as a systematic succession of trees in accordance with botanical classification. Chatsworth has some of the oldest UK specimens of species such as [[Douglas fir]] and [[Giant Sequoia]]. Also in this part of the garden is the Grotto Pond, originally a fishpond, breeding fish for Chatsworth's table. The 6th Duke's mother had the rustic grotto built at the end of the 18th century. The area round the pond is now planted for autumn colour.
*'''The Azalea Dell and the Ravine''': [[Rhododendron]]s and [[Azalea]]s grow well at Chatsworth as the soil suits them, and a section of the southern end of the garden is devoted to them. This is the most rugged part of the garden, with steep serpentine paths and a stream running down a valley known as The Ravine. In 1997 a waterfall was created out of old drinking troughs gathered from fields on the estate. There is also a bamboo walk.
*'''The [[Emperor Fountain]]''': In 1843 Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia]] informed the Duke that he was likely to visit Chatsworth the following year. In anticipation of this Imperial visit, the Duke decided to construct the world's tallest fountain, and set Paxton to work to build it. An {{cvt|8|acre}} lake was dug on the moors {{cvt|350|feet}} above the house to supply the natural water pressure. The work was finished in just six months, continuing at night by the light of flares, and the resulting water jet is on record as reaching a height of {{cvt|296|feet}}. However, the Tsar died in 1855 and never saw the fountain. Due to a limited supply of water, the fountain usually runs on partial power, reaching half its full height.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080204082911/http://www.chatswortheducation.com/news/news_fountain.htm Emperor Fountain goes sky high], Chatsworth press release, 25 April 2007.</ref> The water power found a practical use generating Chatsworth's electricity from 1893 to 1936. The house was then connected to the mains, and a new turbine was installed in 1988 that produces about a third of the electricity the house needs.
*'''The Conservative Wall''' is a set of greenhouses that run up the slope from Flora's Temple to the stables against the north wall of the garden. A tall central section is flanked by ten smaller sections used to grow fruit and [[camellia]]s. Two ''[[Camellia reticulata]]'' 'Captain Rawes' planted in 1850 survive. Chatsworth's camellias have won many prizes. The name of the building has no political connotations; the Dukes of Devonshire were [[British Whig Party|Whigs]] and later [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]].
*'''[[Column of the Temple of Poseidon at Chatsworth|The bust of the 6th Duke on a Poseidon Temple column]]''' was erected in the 1840s and situated at the south end of today's Serpentine Hedge.<ref>{{NHLE|grade=II|desc=DORIC COLUMN AND THE BUST OF SIXTH DUKE|num= 1051668 |date=19 June 1987}}</ref> The four classical column drums beneath were a gift from the 6th Duke's half brother, [[Augustus Clifford]], who collected these drums from the site of [[Temple of Poseidon, Sounion|the Temple of Poseidon, Cape Sounion]] between 1821 and 1825, during his naval service as the captain of {{HMS|Euryalus|1803|6}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liddel |first1=Peter |last2=Low |first2=Polly |date=2019 |title=Chatsworth |url=https://www.atticinscriptions.com/papers/aiuk-7/ |journal=Attic Inscriptions in UK Collections |volume=7}}</ref> The column is possibly composed by the bottom, 3rd, 4th, and the 6th drum from a single collapsed temple column,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Breschi |first=Luigi |date=1970 |title=Disiecta membra del tempio di Poseidon a Capo Sunio |url=https://www.scuoladiatene.it/dal-1961-al-1970/1969-1970.html |journal=Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene |volume=47–48 |pages=417–433}}</ref> while the British Museum preserves the 7th.<ref>{{cite web |title=column {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1890-0113-2 |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=The British Museum}}</ref> The inscription on the pedestal erroneously credits the origin of these drums to the Temple of Athena, Cape Sounion, a smaller site located {{cvt|380|m}} north-west of the Temple of Poseidon.

Two significant features from the period have been lost:
[[File:Chatsworth - Great Conservatory in the 19th century.JPG|thumb|The Great [[Conservatory (greenhouse)|Conservatory]] at Chatsworth. Built from 1836 to 1841 and demolished in 1920.]] [[File:Victoria Regia LIN 1849-.jpg|thumb|Paxton's daughter Annie standing on a ''[[Victoria amazonica]]'' leaf in the Lily House]]
*'''The Great Conservatory''', also known as the "Great Stove", was the largest glasshouse in the world at that time. Paxton and architect [[Decimus Burton]] designed this glasshouse, which was begun in 1836 and completed in 1841 at a cost of £33,099. It was {{cvt|277|feet}} long, {{cvt|123|feet}} wide and {{cvt|61|feet}} high. It used eight coal-fired furnaces to send hot water through {{cvt|7|mi}} of pipes.<ref name="Schama">{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |title=Landscape and Memory |publisher=Vintage |date=1996 |pages=565 |isbn=0679735127}}</ref> A carriage drive ran the length of the building between lush tropical vegetation. One W. Adam called it "A mountain of glass... an unexampled structure... like a sea of glass when the waves are settling and smoothing down after a storm." The [[King of Saxony]] compared it to "a tropical scene with a glass sky". The Great Conservatory was demolished in 1920, as it had not been heated during World War I to conserve coal. 
*'''The Victoria regia House''' or Lily House, built by Paxton in 1849–1850, was devoted to the giant Amazon water lily ''[[Victoria amazonica]]'', which flowered in captivity there for the first time. Like the Great Conservatory, the Lily House was unused in World War I and demolished in 1920.