Editing Capital punishment (section)

==Capital crime==
{{Redirect|Capital crimes|the novel|Capital Crimes}}

===Atrocity crimes===
[[Atrocity crime]]s such as [[war crime]]s, [[crimes against humanity]] and [[genocide]] are usually punishable by death in countries retaining capital punishment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ohlin |first=Jens David |date=2005 |title=Applying the Death Penalty to Crimes of Genocide |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3396668 |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=747–777 |doi=10.2307/3396668 |jstor=3396668 |s2cid=145298403 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref> Death sentences for such crimes were handed down and carried out during the [[Nuremberg Trials]] in 1946 and the [[Tokyo Trials]] in 1948, but starting in the 1990s, ad hoc tribunals such as the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) and the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] (ICTR) forbade the death penalty and can only impose life imprisonment as a maximum penalty.<ref name=vkstk>{{cite web|title=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Death Penalty|url=https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/death-penalty/|publisher=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]]}}</ref> This tradition is carried on by the current [[International Criminal Court]].<ref name=vkstk/><ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding the International Criminal Court |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/pids/publications/uicceng.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/pids/publications/uicceng.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live |publisher=International Criminal Court |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

===Murder===
Intentional homicide is punishable by death in most countries retaining capital punishment, but generally provided it involves an aggravating factor required by statute or judicial precedents.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Some countries, including Singapore and [[Malaysia]], made the death penalty mandatory for murder, though Singapore later changed its [[Death penalty in Singapore|laws since 2013]] to reserve the mandatory death sentence for intentional murder while providing an alternative sentence of life imprisonment with/without [[caning in Singapore|caning]] for murder with no intention to cause death, which allowed some convicted murderers on death row in Singapore (including [[Kho Jabing]]) to apply for the reduction of their death sentences after the courts in Singapore confirmed that they committed murder without the intention to kill, and are thus eligible for re-sentencing under the new death penalty laws in Singapore.<ref name="Tang">{{Cite news |first=Louisa |last=Tang |date=30 November 2018 |url=https://www.todayonline.com/big-read/big-read-capital-punishment-little-more-conversation-matter-life-and-death|title=The Big Read: Capital punishment – a little more conversation on a matter of life and death|website=Today Singapore|access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="channelnewsasia.com">{{Cite web |first1=Imelda |last1=Saad |first2=S |last2=Ramesh |date=9 July 2012 |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-completes-review-mandatory-death-penalty-1906591 |title=Singapore completes review of mandatory death penalty |website=Channel NewsAsia |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref> In October 2018 the [[Malaysian Government]] imposed a [[Moratorium (law)|moratorium]] on all executions until the passage of a new law that would abolish the death penalty.<ref name="NST 11 Oct 18">{{cite news |title=Death penalty to be abolished |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/419931/death-penalty-be-abolished |access-date=11 October 2018 |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=10 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNA 10 Oct 18">{{cite news |title=Malaysia to abolish death penalty; Bill may be tabled soon |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-to-abolish-death-penalty-bill-may-be-tabled-soon-10812718 |access-date=11 October 2018 |publisher=[[Channel News Asia]] |date=10 October 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010160445/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-to-abolish-death-penalty-bill-may-be-tabled-soon-10812718 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ABC 11 Oct 2018">{{cite news |last1=Shelton |first1=Tracey |last2=Renaldi |first2=Erwin |title=Malaysian Government's plans to abolish death penalty could save Sydney grandmother's life |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-11/malaysia-to-abolish-the-death-penalty/10363948 |access-date=11 October 2018 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=11 October 2018}}</ref> In April 2023, legislation abolishing the mandatory death penalty was passed in Malaysia. The death penalty would be retained, but courts have the discretion to replace it with other punishments, including [[whipping]] and imprisonment of 30–40 years.<ref name=abcapr2023>{{cite web | title=Malaysia passes sweeping legal reforms to remove the mandatory death penalty| website =[[ABC News (Australia)]] | date=3 April 2023 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-03/malaysia-scraps-mandatory-death-penalty-legal-reforms/102182802 | access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

===Drug trafficking===
{{main|Capital punishment for drug trafficking}}
[[File:CKS Airport drugs sign.JPG|thumb|Sign at the [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport]] warning that drug trafficking is a capital crime in the Republic of China (2005)]]
In 2018, at least 35 countries retained the death penalty for drug trafficking, drug dealing, drug possession and related offences. People had been regularly sentenced to death and executed for drug-related offences in China, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Vietnam. Other countries may retain the death penalty for symbolic purposes.<ref name="Girelli-2019">{{Cite book|last=Girelli|first=Giada|title=The Death Penalty for Drug Offences: Global Overview 2018|publisher=Harm Reduction International|year=2019|isbn=978-0-9935434-8-7|location=London}}</ref>

The death penalty was mandated for drug trafficking in Singapore and Malaysia. Since 2013, Singapore ruled that those who were certified to have diminished responsibility (e.g. [[major depressive disorder]]) or acting as drug couriers and had assisted the authorities in tackling drug-related activities, would be sentenced to life imprisonment instead of death, with the offender liable to at least 15 strokes of the cane if he was not sentenced to death and was simultaneously sentenced to caning as well.<ref name="Tang"/><ref name="channelnewsasia.com"/> Notably, drug couriers like [[Yong Vui Kong]] and [[Cheong Chun Yin]] successfully applied to have their death sentences replaced with life imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane in 2013 and 2015 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Selina|last=Lum|date=24 November 2013|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-street-urchins-journey-to-death-row-and-back|title=A street urchin's journey to Death Row and back|website=The Straits Times|access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2015 |url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/two-convicted-drug-traffickers-escape-gallows-imprisoned-life |title=Duo who trafficked heroin escape gallows, get life in prison |newspaper=Today }}</ref>

In April 2023, legislation abolishing the mandatory death penalty was passed in Malaysia.<ref name=abcapr2023/>

===Other offences===
{{See also|Capital punishment for non-violent offenses|Capital punishment by country}}
Other crimes that are punishable by death in some countries include:
*Firearm offences (e.g. [[Arms Offences Act]] of Singapore)
*Terrorism
*Treason (a capital crime in most countries that retain capital punishment)
*Espionage 
*Crimes against the state, such as attempting to overthrow government (most countries with the death penalty)
*Political protests (Saudi Arabia)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/News/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-death-penalty-executions-capital-punishment-six-killed-one-day-outcry-a7834726.html|title=Saudi Arabia executed six people yesterday|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=11 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825123739/http://www.independent.co.uk/News/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-death-penalty-executions-capital-punishment-six-killed-one-day-outcry-a7834726.html|archive-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> 
*Rape (China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Brunei, etc.)
*Economic crimes (China, Iran) 
*Human trafficking (China)
*Corruption (China, Iran)
*Kidnapping (China, Singapore, Bangladesh, the US states of Georgia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2019/title-16/chapter-5/article-3/section-16-5-40/ |title=2019 Georgia Code Title 16 – Crimes and Offenses Chapter 5 – Crimes Against the Person Article 3 – Kidnapping, False Imprisonment, and Related Offenses § 16-5-40. Kidnapping |website=Justia.com |access-date=20 July 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209114755/https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2019/title-16/chapter-5/article-3/section-16-5-40/ |archive-date=9 December 2020 }}</ref> and Idaho,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title18/T18CH45/SECT18-4504/ |title=Idaho Statutes: Title 18: Crimes and Punishments |publisher=Idaho Legislature |access-date=20 July 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208123527/https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title18/T18CH45/SECT18-4504/ |archive-date=8 December 2020 }}</ref> etc.) 
*[[Separatism]] (China{{noteTag|In 2024, China imposed a judicial order based on its [[Anti-Secession Law]] that established punishments for those who promote [[Taiwan independence|independence of Taiwan]], and capital punishment can be used in the worst cases. [[Reuters]] indicated that the order will rarely be enforced, since China has no jurisdiction in [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=中國發布「懲治台獨分子」司法新規 最高可判死刑 |url=https://www.dw.com/zh-hant/a-69441049 |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=dw.com |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=2024-06-21 |language=zh}}</ref> }})
*[[Zina|Unlawful sexual behaviour]] (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar, Brunei, Nigeria, etc.)<!--Adultery, rape, and sodomy fall under the same criminal category in sharia.-->
*Religious [[Hudud]] offences such as [[Apostasy in Islam|apostasy]] (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan etc.) 
*Blasphemy (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, certain states in Nigeria)
*[[Hirabah|Moharebeh]] (Iran)
*Drinking [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] (Iran) 
*[[Witchcraft]] and [[Magic (paranormal)|sorcery]] (Saudi Arabia)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/saudi-arabias-war-on-witchcraft/278701/|title=Saudi Arabia's War on Witchcraft|first=Ryan|last=Jacobs|website=[[The Atlantic]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218084707/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/saudi-arabias-war-on-witchcraft/278701/|archive-date=18 December 2016|date=19 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/07/the-anti-sorcery-squad-of-saudi-arabia/|title=The Anti-Sorcery Squad of Saudi Arabia – Mysterious Universe|website=mysteriousuniverse.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102081146/http://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/07/the-anti-sorcery-squad-of-saudi-arabia/|archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref>
*Arson (Algeria, Tunisia, Mali, Mauritania, etc.)
*[[Hirabah]]; [[brigandage]]; [[armed robbery|armed]] or aggravated robbery (Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kenya, Zambia, Ethiopia, the US state of Georgia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2019/title-16/chapter-8/article-2/section-16-8-41/ |title=2019 Georgia Code Title 16 – Crimes and Offenses Chapter 8 – Offenses Involving Theft Article 2 – Robbery § 16-8-41. Armed robbery; robbery by intimidation; taking controlled substance from pharmacy in course of committing offense |website=Justia.com |access-date=20 July 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212233833/https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2019/title-16/chapter-8/article-2/section-16-8-41/ |archive-date=12 December 2020 }}</ref> etc.)<ref name="Amnesty2014">{{Cite web | url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act50/001/2013/en/ | title=Death Sentences and Executions in 2012 | date=10 April 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=20 July 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704072918/http://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ACT50/001/2013/en/ |archive-date=4 July 2015 }}</ref>
*[[Homosexuality]] (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Brunei, Uganda, Nigeria (Northern states), Mauritania, etc.) (Unclear for United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Iran, Libya, Somalia, etc.)