Editing Candide (section)

== Legacy ==
''Candide'' is the most widely read of Voltaire's many works,<ref name=ayer139>Ayer (1986), p. 139</ref> and it is considered one of the great achievements of [[Western literature]].<ref name=aldridge260/> William F. Bottiglia opines, "The physical size of ''Candide'', as well as Voltaire's attitude toward his fiction, precludes the achievement of artistic dimension through [[word count|plenitude]], [[character (arts)#Round_vs._flat|autonomous '3D' vitality]], emotional resonance, or [[romanticism|poetic exaltation]]. ''Candide'', then, cannot in quantity or quality, measure up to the supreme classics" such as the works of [[Homer]] or [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[Sophocles]], [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]], [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]], [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], [[Henry Fielding|Fielding]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoevsky]], [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]], [[Jean Racine|Racine]], or [[Molière]].<ref name=bott247>Bottiglia (1959), pp. 247–248</ref> Bottiglia instead calls it a miniature classic; but others have been more forgiving of its size.<ref name=aldridge260/><ref name=bott247/> As the only work of Voltaire which has remained popular up to the present day,<ref name=mason2>Mason (1992), ch. 2</ref> ''Candide'' is listed in [[Harold Bloom]]'s ''[[The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages]]''. It is included in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] collection ''[[Great Books of the Western World]]''.<ref>Britannica (2008)</ref> ''Candide'' has influenced modern writers of [[black comedy|black humour]] such as [[Louis-Ferdinand Céline|Céline]], [[Joseph Heller]], [[John Barth]], [[Thomas Pynchon]], [[Kurt Vonnegut]], and [[Terry Southern]]. Its parody and picaresque methods have become favourites of black humorists.<ref>''Readings on Candide'' (2001), pp. 112–113</ref>

[[Charles Brockden Brown]], an early American novelist, may have been directly affected by Voltaire, whose work he knew well. [[Mark Kamrath]], professor of English, describes the strength of the connection between ''Candide'' and Brown's ''[[Edgar Huntly; or, Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker]]'' (1799): "An unusually large number of parallels...crop up in the two novels, particularly in terms of characters and plot." For instance, the protagonists of both novels are romantically involved with a recently orphaned young woman. Furthermore, in both works the brothers of the female lovers are Jesuits, and each is murdered (although under different circumstances).<ref name=kamrath>Kamrath (1991), pp. 5–14</ref> 

Some twentieth-century novels that may have been influenced by ''Candide'' are some [[dystopia]]n [[science-fiction]] works. [[Armand Mattelart]], a French critic, sees ''Candide'' in [[Aldous Huxley]]'s ''[[Brave New World]]'', [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', and [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]]'s ''[[We (novel)|We]]'', three canonical works of the genre. Specifically, Mattelart writes that in each of these works, there exist references to ''Candide''{{'}}s popularisation of the phrase "the best of all possible worlds". He cites as evidence, for example, that the French version of ''Brave New World'' was entitled {{lang|fr|Le Meilleur des mondes}} ({{literal translation|"The best of worlds"|lk=on}}).<ref name=monty5>Monty (2006), p. 5</ref>

Readers of ''Candide'' often compare it with certain works of the modern genre the [[Theatre of the Absurd]]. Haydn Mason, a Voltaire scholar, sees in ''Candide'' a few similarities to this brand of literature. For instance, he notes commonalities of ''Candide'' and ''[[Waiting for Godot]]'' (1952). In both of these works, and in a similar manner, friendship provides emotional support for characters when they are confronted with harshness of their existences.<ref name=mason3337>Mason (1992), pp. 33, 37</ref> However, Mason qualifies, "the {{lang|fr|conte}} must not be seen as a forerunner of the 'absurd' in modern fiction. Candide's world has many ridiculous and meaningless elements, but human beings are not totally deprived of the ability to make sense out of it."<ref name=mason98>Mason (1992), p. 98</ref> [[John Pilling]], biographer of Beckett, does state that ''Candide'' was an early and powerful influence on Beckett's thinking.<ref name=monty151>Monty (2006), p. 151</ref><!--if necessary, this source includes another, perhaps stronger, example of an intertexutal reference by Beckett to ''Candide''--> [[Rosa Luxemburg]], in the aftermath of the First World War, remarked upon re-reading ''Candide'': "Before the war, I would have thought this wicked compilation of all human misery a caricature. Now it strikes me as altogether realistic."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=James D. |title=Socialism Since 1889: A Biographical History |date=1988 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=91}}</ref>

The American alternative rock band [[Bloodhound Gang]] refer to ''Candide'' in their song "Take the Long Way Home", from the American edition of their 1999 album ''[[Hooray for Boobies]]''.

=== Derivative works ===
[[File:Leonard Bernstein NYWTS 1955.jpg|thumb|[[Leonard Bernstein]] in 1955]]

In 1760, one year after Voltaire published ''Candide'', a sequel was published with the name {{lang|fr|[[Candide, Part II|Candide, ou l'optimisme, seconde partie]]}}.<ref name="astbury503">Astbury (2005), p. 503</ref> This work is attributed both to [[Thorel de Campigneulles]], a writer unknown today, and [[Henri Joseph Du Laurens]], who is suspected of having habitually [[plagiarise]]d Voltaire.<ref>Clark (1993), pp. VIII, IX</ref> The story continues in this sequel with Candide having new adventures in the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Afsharid dynasty|Persia]], and [[History of Denmark#Absolutism|Denmark]]. ''Part II'' has potential use in studies of the popular and literary receptions of ''Candide'', but is almost certainly [[apocrypha]]l.<ref name="astbury503" /> In total, by the year 1803, at least ten imitations of ''Candide'' or continuations of its story were published by authors other than Voltaire.<ref name=mason1315/>

''Candide'' was adapted for the radio anthology program ''[[On Stage (radio show)|On Stage]]'' in 1953. Richard Chandlee wrote the script; [[Elliott Lewis (actor)|Elliott Lewis]], [[Cathy Lewis]], [[Edgar Barrier]], [[Byron Kane]], [[Jack Kruschen]], [[Howard McNear]], [[Larry Thor]], [[Martha Wentworth]], and [[Ben Wright (English actor)|Ben Wright]] performed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grams |first=Martin |date=2008-02-27 |title=Radio Drama: A Comprehensive Chronicle of American Network Programs, 1932–1962 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0786438716 |oclc=188535974}}</ref>

The operetta ''[[Candide (operetta)|Candide]]'' was originally conceived by playwright [[Lillian Hellman]], as a play with incidental music. [[Leonard Bernstein]], the American [[composer]] and [[Conductor (music)|conductor]] who wrote the music, was so excited about the project that he convinced Hellman to do it as a "comic operetta".<ref>Peyser (1987), p. 247</ref> Many lyricists worked on the show, including [[James Agee]], [[Dorothy Parker]], [[John La Touche (musician)|John Latouche]], [[Richard Wilbur]], Leonard and [[Felicia Bernstein]], and Hellman. [[Hershy Kay]] orchestrated all the pieces except for the [[overture]], which Bernstein did himself.<ref name = peyser248/>  ''Candide'' first opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] as a [[musical theatre|musical]] on 1 December 1956. The premier production was directed by [[Tyrone Guthrie]] and conducted by [[Samuel Krachmalnick]].<ref name=peyser248>Peyser (1987), p. 248</ref> While this production was a box office flop, the music was highly praised, and an original cast album was made. The album gradually became a cult hit, but Hellman's libretto was criticised as being too serious an adaptation of Voltaire's novel.<ref>Peyser (1987), pp. 249–251</ref> ''Candide'' has been revised and reworked several times. The first New York revival, directed by [[Hal Prince]], featured an entirely new libretto by [[Hugh Wheeler]] and additional lyrics by [[Stephen Sondheim]]. Bernstein revised the work again in 1987 with the collaboration of [[John Mauceri]] and [[John Wells (satirist)|John Wells]]. After Bernstein's death, further revised productions of the musical were performed in versions prepared by [[Trevor Nunn]] and [[John Caird (director)|John Caird]] in 1999, and [[Mary Zimmerman]] in 2010.

The BBC produced a television adaptation in 1973, with [[Ian Ogilvy]] as Candide, [[Emrys James]] as Dr. Pangloss, and [[Frank Finlay]] as Voltaire himself, acting as the narrator.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150024120 |title=Candide |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |website=Collections Search |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=23 July 2018 }}</ref>

''{{Interlanguage link multi|Candido, ovvero un sogno fatto in Sicilia|it}}'' (1977) or simply {{lang|it|Candido}} is a book by [[Leonardo Sciascia]]. It was at least partly based on Voltaire's ''Candide'', although the actual influence of ''Candide'' on {{lang|it|Candido}} is a hotly debated topic. A number of theories on the matter have been proposed. Proponents of one say that {{lang|it|Candido}} is very similar to ''Candide'', only with a happy ending; supporters of another claim that Voltaire provided Sciascia with only a starting point from which to work, that the two books are quite distinct.<ref name=morrison59>Morrison (2002), p. 59</ref><ref>Burns (2000), p. 992</ref>

[[Nedim Gürsel]] wrote his 2001 novel ''Le voyage de Candide à Istanbul'' about a minor passage in ''Candide'' during which its protagonist meets [[Ahmed III]], the deposed [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] [[sultan]]. This chance meeting on a ship from Venice to Istanbul is the setting of Gürsel's book.<ref name=hitchins160>Hitchins (2002), p. 160</ref> [[Terry Southern]], in writing his popular novel ''[[Candy (Southern and Hoffenberg novel)|Candy]]'' with [[Mason Hoffenberg]] adapted ''Candide'' for a modern audience and changed the protagonist from male to female. ''Candy'' deals with the rejection of a sort of optimism which the author sees in women's magazines of the modern era; ''Candy'' also parodies [[pornography]] and [[popular psychology]]. This adaptation of ''Candide'' [[Candy (1968 film)|was adapted for the cinema]] by director [[Christian Marquand]] in 1968.<ref name=silva784785>Silva (2000), pp. 784–785</ref>

In addition to the above, ''Candide'' was made into a number of minor films and theatrical adaptations throughout the twentieth century. For a list of these, see {{lang|fr|Voltaire: Candide ou L'Optimisme et autres contes}} (1989) with preface and commentaries by Pierre Malandain.<ref>Malandain (1989)</ref>
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FILM: ___ 1960 Norbert Carbonnaux. ''Candide (The Twentieth Century Optimist)'' <ref name=silva783> Silva (2000), p. 783</ref>

Adaptations of ''Candide'' include a modern version in ''X Out of Wonderland'' (2005) by [[David Allan Cates]].<ref> Cates (2005) </ref> There is also the much older adaptation ''[[Fanfluche]]'' (1892) by [[Quatrelles]].<ref> Gullette (1934), pp. 93–107</ref>
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In May 2009, a play titled ''Optimism'', based on ''Candide'', opened at the [[CUB Malthouse Theatre]] in Melbourne. It followed the basic story of ''Candide'', incorporating anachronisms, music, and [[stand up comedy]] from comedian [[Frank Woodley]]. It toured Australia and played at the [[Edinburgh International Festival]].<ref>Boztas (2009)</ref> In 2010, the Icelandic writer [[Óttar M. Norðfjörð]] published a rewriting and modernisation of ''Candide'', titled {{lang|is|[[Örvitinn; eða hugsjónamaðurinn]]}}.