Editing Cagliari (section)

==Culture==
[[File:OldUniversityLibraryCagliari.jpg|thumb|18th-century University Library]]

The city has numerous libraries and is also home to the State Archive, containing thousands of handwritten documents from the foundation of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1325 AD) to the present. In addition to numerous local and university department libraries, the most important libraries are the old University Library,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sardegna.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/267/biblioteche/22/biblioteca-universitaria-di-cagliari |title= Biblioteche - Direzione regionale beni culturali e paesaggistici della Sardegna|website=www.sardegna.beniculturali.it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909052702/http://www.sardegna.beniculturali.it/index.php?it%2F267%2Fbiblioteche%2F22%2Fbiblioteca-universitaria-di-cagliari |archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> with thousands of ancient books, the Provincial Library,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.provincia.cagliari.it/ProvinciaCa/it/bibliotecaprovincialeragazzi2.page |title=Provincia di Cagliari &#124; Biblioteca Provinciale Ragazzi |publisher=Provincia.cagliari.it |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205065630/http://www.provincia.cagliari.it/ProvinciaCa/it/bibliotecaprovincialeragazzi2.page |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Regional Library,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sardegnabiblioteche.it/biblioteche/regionale.html |title=Sardegna Biblioteche - Attività - Biblioteca regionale |publisher=Sardegnabiblioteche.it |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204082452/http://www.sardegnabiblioteche.it/biblioteche/regionale.html |archive-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Mediateca of the Mediterranean,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.cagliari.it/portale/it/scheda_sito.page;jsessionid=D5874DE00B5FEC3C5BBFC82F31F14F90?contentId=SIT662 |title=Comune di Cagliari&#124; MEM - Mediateca del Mediterraneo: Biblioteca Comunale Generale e di Studi Sardi - Archivio Storico - Mediateca |publisher=Comune.cagliari.it |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209164310/http://www.comune.cagliari.it/portale/it/scheda_sito.page%3Bjsessionid%3DD5874DE00B5FEC3C5BBFC82F31F14F90?contentId=SIT662 |archive-date=9 February 2015 }}</ref> which contains the municipal archive and library collection.

In the first century B.C. a famous singer and musician from Cagliari, Tigellius, lived in Rome and was satirized by [[Cicero]] and [[Horace]]. The history of Sardinian literature begins in Cagliari in the first century A.D. In the funerary monument of Atilia Pomptilla, carved into the rock of the necropolis of Tuvixeddu, poems are engraved in Greek and Latin dedicated to his dead wife. Some of them, particularly those in the Greek language, have literary merit.

The first Sardinian literary author known was Bishop [[Lucifer of Cagliari]], who wrote severe pamphlets against the [[Arian heresy]] in the fourth century A.D. Only in the eleventh century A.D. did the first texts of an administrative nature appear in the modern [[Sardinian language]], together with [[Hagiography|hagiographies]] of local martyrs written in Latin.

Life in Cagliari has been depicted by many writers, starting with the late Roman poet [[Claudian]]. In the late 16th century, the local humanist Roderigo Hunno Baeza dedicated to his town a didactic Latin poem, ''Caralis Panegyricus''.<ref>Miscellaneous codex preserved in the Civic Library of Cagliari, edited by Francesco Alziator, 1954</ref> At the beginning of the 17th century Juan Francisco Carmona wrote a hymn to Cagliari in Spanish; Jacinto Arnal De Bolea published in 1636, in Spanish, the first novel set in Cagliari, entitled ''El Forastero''.<ref>Jacinto Arnal de Bolea, El Forastero, Emprenta A. Galgerin, Càller, 1636, republished by the editor Marìa Dolores, Garcìa Sànchez, CFS/CUEC, Cagliari, 2011</ref> [[D.H. Lawrence|David Herbert Lawrence]] wrote about the city in his ''[[Sea and Sardinia]]''.

Modern writers connected to Cagliari include [[Giuseppe Dessì]], [[Giulio Angioni]], [[Giorgio Todde]], [[Sergio Atzeni]] (who set many of his novels and short stories, such as ''Bakunin's Son'', in ancient and modern Cagliari), [[Flavio Soriga]].
[[File:Lirico Cagliari.jpg|thumb|right|The new Teatro Lirico (opera house)]]

Cagliari was the birthplace or residence of the composer [[Ennio Porrino]], of the film, theatre and TV director [[Nanni Loy]], and of the actors [[Gianni Agus]], [[Amedeo Nazzari]] and [[Pier Angeli]] (born Anna Maria Pierangeli).

Excluding the Roman era amphitheater, the first theater was inaugurated in Cagliari in 1767: the Teatro Zapata, later becoming the Civic Theatre. Devastated by bombing in 1943, it was recently restored, but the roof was not rebuilt, and today it serves as an open-air theatre. The Politeama Regina Margherita, inaugurated in 1859, was destroyed by fire in 1942 and never rebuilt.

Although [[opera]] had, and in part still has, a solid tradition the city, it was left without a true theater until 1993 when a new opera house, the [[Teatro Lirico di Cagliari|Teatro Lirico]], was inaugurated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teatroliricodicagliari.it/ |title=Teatro Lirico Web-site |publisher=Teatroliricodicagliari.it |access-date=20 April 2010}}</ref> Inside there is a music compound with a music conservatory with its own auditorium, and a music park. Cagliari is and was home to opera singers such as the [[tenor]]s [[Giovanni Matteo Mario]] (Giovanni Matteo De Candia, 1810–1883) and Piero Schiavazzi (1875–1949), the [[baritone]] Angelo Romero (born 1940), the [[contralto]] [[Bernadette Manca di Nissa]], born 1954 and the [[soprano]] Giusy Devinu (1960–2007).

The Italian pop singer [[Marco Carta]] was also born in Cagliari, in 1985.

The old Teatro Massimo was only recently renovated and is now the seat of the Teatro Stabile of Sardinia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teatrostabiledellasardegna.it/index.php/spazi/teatro-massimo.html |title= Teatro Massimo di Cagliari|website=www.teatrostabiledellasardegna.it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908160900/http://www.teatrostabiledellasardegna.it/index.php/spazi/teatro-massimo.html |archive-date=8 September 2013}}</ref> The Municipal Auditorium, in the former 17th-century church of Santa Teresa, is the seat of the Scuola di Arte Drammatica (School of Dramatic Art) di Cagliari,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scuoladiteatrocagliari.it/ |title=Scuola d'Arte Drammatica Cagliari - Tetatro stabile d'arte contemporanea Akròama |publisher=Scuoladiteatrocagliari.it |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509073258/http://www.scuoladiteatrocagliari.it/ |archive-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> while the Teatro delle Saline ("Saltworks Theatre"),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teatrodellesaline.it/ |title=Teatro delle Saline |publisher=Teatrodellesaline.it |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507030504/http://www.teatrodellesaline.it/ |archive-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is home of Akroama, Teatro Stabile di Innovazione ("Permanent Theater of Innovation").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.akroama.it |title=Akròama T.L.S. - Contemporary Art Theatre |publisher=Akroama.it |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427012002/http://www.akroama.it/ |archive-date=27 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Finally, some comic and satirical theater companies are active in the city, the most well known being the "Compagnia Teatrale Lapola",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lapola.eu/ |title=Compagnia Teatrale LAPOLA |publisher=Lapola.eu |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508022224/http://www.lapola.eu/ |archive-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which offers an urban version of the traditional campidanese comic theater.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://teatrupopulari.figlidartemedas.org/progetto |title= Teatro Popolare - Teatru Populari - Progetto|website=teatrupopulari.figlidartemedas.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022211823/http://teatrupopulari.figlidartemedas.org/progetto |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>

Founded by Bepi Vigna, [[Antonio Serra (comics)|Antonio Serra]] and [[Michele Medda]], a [[comic book]] school, the Centro Internazionale del Fumetto ("Comic Strip International Centre")<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centrointernazionalefumetto.com/ita/default.php |title=Centro Internazionale del Fumetto - Cagliari |publisher=Centrointernazionalefumetto.com |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150211031833/http://www.centrointernazionalefumetto.com/ita/default.php |archive-date=11 February 2015 }}</ref> has been active for several decades. Its founders invented and designed the comic characters [[Nathan Never]] and [[Legs Weaver]].

===Museums and galleries===
[[File:Cittadella dei Musei CA.jpg|thumb|Cittadella dei Musei.]]  
[[File:Orto_Botanico_di_Cagliari.jpg|thumb|right|Orto Botanico.]]
The Polo museale di Cagliari "Cittadella dei musei" (Citadel of Museums) is home to:

*'''Museo archeologico nazionale di Cagliari''' ([[Museo archeologico nazionale (Cagliari)|National Archeological Museum of Cagliari]]), the most important archeological museum of Sardinia, which contains finds from the [[Neolithic]] period (6000 B.C.) to the [[Early Middle Ages]] about 1000 A.D.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archeocaor.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/211/musei/13/museo-archeologico-nazionale-di-cagliari |title=Musei - Soprintendenza Archeologia della Sardegna |publisher=Archeocaor.beniculturali.it |date=24 June 2012 |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430022636/http://www.archeocaor.beniculturali.it/index.php?it%2F211%2Fmusei%2F13%2Fmuseo-archeologico-nazionale-di-cagliari |archive-date=30 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Museo civico d'arte siamese Stefano Cardu''' (Civic Siamese Art Museum "Stefano Cardu") the most important European collection of Siamese art, gathered by a Cagliaritan collector at the beginning of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.cagliari.it/portale/it/scheda_sito.page;jsessionid=2F2A94183D816BD4C03DC685FBB2C582?contentId=SIT316 |title=Comune di Cagliari&#124; Museo d'Arte Siamese Stefano Cardu |publisher=Comune.cagliari.it |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141910/http://www.comune.cagliari.it/portale/it/scheda_sito.page%3Bjsessionid%3D2F2A94183D816BD4C03DC685FBB2C582?contentId=SIT316 |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>
*'''Museo delle cere anatomiche Clemente Susini''' (Anatomical Waxwork Museum "Clemente Susini").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pacs.unica.it/cere/home_it.htm |title= Le cere anatomiche di Clemente Susini dell'Universit? Di Cagliari|website=pacs.unica.it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019225321/http://pacs.unica.it/cere/home_it.htm |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> This collection of anatomical waxworks is considered one of the finest in the world, and perfectly describes the human body, testifying to the state of medical and surgical knowledge at the beginning of the 19th century. The collection was created by the sculptor Clemente Susini and includes faithful reproductions of dissections of cadavers performed in the School of Anatomy in Florence 1803-1805 A.D.
*'''Pinacoteca nazionale''' (National Picture Gallery)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinacoteca.cagliari.beniculturali.it/ |title=Pinacoteca Nazionale di Cagliari - Home |publisher=Pinacoteca.cagliari.beniculturali.it |access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>
*'''Galleria comunale d'arte''' (Civic art Gallery) with an important exposition of modern Italian painting offered to the city by its collector (Ingrao Collection), and an exposition of Sardinian artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galleriacomunalecagliari.it/ |title=Galleria Comunale d'Arte Cagliari |publisher=Galleriacomunalecagliari.it |access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>
*'''Collezione sarda Luigi Piloni''' (University Sardinian Collection "Luigi Piloni")<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unica.it/pub/2/index.jsp?is=2&iso=491 |title=Ateneo - unica.it - Universitŕ degli studi di Cagliari |publisher=unica.it |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203142317/http://www.unica.it/pub/2/index.jsp?is=2&iso=491 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''ExMà''', '''MEM''', '''Castello di San Michele''', and '''Il Ghetto''' exposition centers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.camuweb.it/ |title=Camù Centri d'Arte e Musei |publisher=Camuweb.it |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=25 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425051314/http://www.camuweb.it/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Museo di Bonaria''' (Basilical Church Museum of Bonaria),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bonaria.eu/public/index.php?pid=7 |title= Nostra Signora di Bonaria - Museo del Santuario di Bonaria|website=www.bonaria.eu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908162618/http://www.bonaria.eu/public/index.php?pid=7 |archive-date=8 September 2013}}</ref> with an interesting ex-voto collection
*'''Museo del Duomo''' (Cathedral Museum);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museoduomodicagliari.it/ |title=Museo del Duomo di Cagliari |publisher=Museoduomodicagliari.it |date=20 June 2014 |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=7 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507220117/http://www.museoduomodicagliari.it/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Museo del tesoro di Sant'Eulalia''' (Treasure Museum of Saint [[Eulalia of Barcelona]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagliariturismo.it/it/luoghi/i-luoghi-dell-arte-e-della-cultura-319/musei-12/museo-del-tesoro-di-sant-eulalia-47 |title=Museo del Tesoro di Sant'Eulalia - Musei - I luoghi dell'arte e della cultura - Luoghi - Cagliari Turismo |publisher=Cagliariturismo.it |access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref> with its important Roman era underground area.
*'''[[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Cagliari|Orto botanico di Cagliari]]''' (University Botanical Gardens)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccb-sardegna.it/hbk/hbk.htm |title=Orto Botanico di Cagliari |publisher=Ccb-sardegna.it |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311052319/http://www.ccb-sardegna.it/hbk/hbk.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Feast of Sant'Efis===
[[File:Mazziere del Comune di Cagliari.jpg|thumb|left|Municipal mace bearer.]] 
The Feast of [[St. Ephysius]] (Sant'Efisio in Italian, Sant'Efis in Sardinian) is the most important religious event of Cagliari, taking place every year on 1 May. During this festival, thousands of people from folk groups all over Sardinia wear their traditional costumes. The saint is escorted by the traditional ancient ''Milicia'', the deputy mayor (Alter Nos), numerous confraternities, and a convoy of chariots pulled by oxen in a procession to Nora (near modern Pula), {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=on}} from Cagliari, where, according to tradition, he was beheaded. In addition to being one of the oldest, it is also the longest Italian religious procession, with about {{convert|70|km|0|abbr=on}} of walks over four days, and the largest in the Mediterranean area.

A plague was spreading throughout Sardinia, starting in 1652, and the epidemic infected Cagliari in particular, killing some ten thousand inhabitants. According to legend, in 1656 St. Ephysius appeared to the Spanish Viceroy, [[Francisco Fernández de Castro Andrade, Count of Lemos]] to request a procession on 1 May, in order to free the city from the plague. The Municipality of Cagliari swore that, if the plague disappeared, a procession would be held every day in the saint's honor, starting from the Stampace district and ending at Nora where the saint was martyred. In September the plague ended, and the procession and festival was therefore regularly held starting the following year on 1 May. The procession was held even during the last war; a statue of the saint was placed on a lorry and, through city ruins of the devastated by the bombs, arrived safely in Nora.

===Other events===
Other feasts and events in Cagliari include:
*The Carnival
*Holy Week and Easter celebrations
*Sea processions of St. Francis of Paola, held in May, and Nostra Signora di Bonaria, in July
*Cagliari Fair, in early May
*[[Audi MedCup]] regatta

===Languages===
{{main|Sardinian language|Campidanese dialect}}
The native language of Cagliari, declared official along with Italian,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sardiniapost.it/politica/cagliari-il-sardo-diventa-lingua-ufficiale-si-del-consiglio-al-nuovo-statuto/| title = Cagliari, il sardo diventa lingua ufficiale: il Consiglio dice sì al nuovo Statuto - Sardiniapost| date = 3 November 2015}}</ref> is [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] (''sardu''), a [[Romance language]], specifically the [[Campidanese dialect]] (''campidanesu'') in its local variant (''casteddaju'').

The variant of Cagliari in its high register has traditionally represented the linguistic model of reference for the entire southern area of the island, and the high social variant used by the middle class in the whole Campidanese domain, as well as the literary model of reference for writers and poets. This language is less spoken by the younger generations in the city, who use Italian instead as that language is compulsory in education and the mass media. Italian has increasingly become predominant in social relations, both formal and informal, relegating Sardinian to a mostly marginal role in everyday life. Young people often have only passive competence in the language, gathered from elderly relatives who still speak it, as their parents often speak only Italian, or they may use a slang (''[[Regional Italian#Sardinia|italianu porceddinu]]'') that mixes both Sardinian and Italian.

Since Cagliari was the metropolis of the ancient Roman province, it absorbed innovations coming from Rome, Carthage, and Constantinople, and its language probably reflected late Latin urban dialects of the 5th-century core cities of the empire.

[[File:Sea food Cagliari.jpg|thumb|Seafood offered in a Cagliari restaurant]]

===Gastronomy===
Cagliari has some unique gastronomic traditions: unlike the rest of the island its cuisine is mostly based on the wide variety of locally available [[seafood]]. Although it is possible to trace influences from [[Catalan cuisine|Catalan]], [[Sicilian cuisine|Sicilian]] and Genoese cuisine, Cagliaritan food has a distinctive and unique character.

Excellent [[wine]]s are also part of Cagliaritanians' dinners, like the [[Grenache|Cannonau]], [[Nuragus di Cagliari|Nuragus]], [[Nasco di Cagliari|Nasco]], [[Monica (grape)|Monica]], Moscau, [[Girò di Cagliari|Girò]] and Malvasia, produced in the nearby vineyards of the Campidano plain.