Editing CERN (section)

== Open science ==
The [[Open science|Open Science movement]] focuses on making scientific research openly accessible and on creating knowledge through open tools and processes. [[Open access]], [[open data]], [[Open-source software|open source software]] and [[Open-source hardware|hardware]], [[Open-source license|open licenses]], [[digital preservation]] and [[Reproducibility#Reproducible research|reproducible research]] are primary components of open science and areas in which CERN has been working towards since its formation.

CERN has developed policies and official documents that enable and promote open science, starting with CERN's founding convention in 1953 which indicated that all its results are to be published or made generally available.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Convention for the Establishment of a European Organization for Nuclear Research {{!}} CERN Council|url=https://council.web.cern.ch/en/convention|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218235743/https://council.web.cern.ch/en/convention|archive-date=18 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-08|website=council.web.cern.ch|at=Article II}}</ref> Since then, CERN published its open access policy in 2014,<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1955574 |title=Open Access Policy for CERN Publications |date=2021 |publisher=CERN |location=Geneva}}</ref> which ensures that all publications by CERN authors will be published with [[Gold OA|gold open access]] and most recently an open data policy that was endorsed by the four main LHC collaborations ([[ALICE experiment|ALICE]], [[ATLAS experiment|ATLAS]], [[Compact Muon Solenoid|CMS]] and [[LHCb experiment|LHCb]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2745133|title=CERN Open Data Policy for the LHC Experiments|date=2020|doi=10.17181/CERN.QXNK.8L2G |editor-last=CERN. Geneva |author1=CERN. Geneva }}</ref> 

The open data policy complements the open access policy, addressing the public release of scientific data collected by LHC experiments after a suitable embargo period. Prior to this open data policy, guidelines for data preservation, access and reuse were implemented by each collaboration individually through their own policies which are updated when necessary.<ref>{{Citation|last=ALICE Collaboration|title=ALICE data preservation strategy|date=2014|url=https://opendata.cern.ch/record/412|publisher=CERN Open Data Portal|doi=10.7483/opendata.alice.54ne.x2ea|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=ATLAS Collaboration|title=ATLAS Data Access Policy|date=2014|url=https://opendata.cern.ch/record/413|publisher=CERN Open Data Portal|doi=10.7483/opendata.atlas.t9yr.y7mz|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=CMS Collaboration|title=CMS data preservation, re-use and open access policy|date=2014|url=https://opendata.cern.ch/record/411|publisher=CERN Open Data Portal|doi=10.7483/opendata.cms.udbf.jkr9|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=LHCb Collaboration|title=LHCb External Data Access Policy|date=2014|url=https://opendata.cern.ch/record/410|others=Peter Clarke|publisher=CERN Open Data Portal|doi=10.7483/opendata.lhcb.hkjw.twsz|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> 

The European Strategy for Particle Physics, a document mandated by the CERN Council that forms the cornerstone of Europe's decision-making for the future of particle physics, was last updated in 2020 and affirmed the organisation's role within the open science landscape by stating: "The particle physics community should work with the relevant authorities to help shape the emerging consensus on open science to be adopted for publicly-funded research, and should then implement a policy of open science for the field".<ref>{{Cite book|last=European Strategy Group|date=2020|title=2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics|publisher=CERN Council|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2720129|language=en|doi=10.17181/ESU2020|isbn=9789290835752}}</ref>

Beyond the policy level, CERN has established a variety of services and tools to enable and guide open science at CERN, and in particle physics more generally. On the publishing side, CERN has initiated and operates a global cooperative project, the [[Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics]], SCOAP3, to convert scientific articles in high-energy physics to open access. In 2018, the SCOAP3 partnership represented 3,000+ libraries from 44 countries and 3 intergovernmental organizations who have worked collectively to convert research articles in high-energy physics across 11 leading journals in the discipline to open access.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Loizides|first1=F.|url=https://ebooks.iospress.nl/book/positioning-and-power-in-academic-publishing-players-agents-and-agendas-proceedings-of-the-20th-international-conference-on-electronic-publishing|title=Positioning and Power in Academic Publishing: Players, Agents and Agendas: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Electronic Publishing|last2=Smidt|first2=B.|date=2016|publisher=IOS Press|isbn=978-1-61499-649-1|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alexander Kohls|last2=Salvatore Mele|date=2018-04-09|title=Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics|journal=Publications|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=15|doi=10.3390/publications6020015|issn=2304-6775|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Public-facing results can be served by various CERN-based services depending on their use case: the [https://opendata.cern.ch/ CERN Open Data portal],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cowton|first1=J|last2=Dallmeier-Tiessen|first2=S|last3=Fokianos|first3=P|last4=Rueda|first4=L|last5=Herterich|first5=P|last6=Kunčar|first6=J|last7=Šimko|first7=T|last8=Smith|first8=T|date=2015-12-23|title=Open Data and Data Analysis Preservation Services for LHC Experiments|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series|volume=664|issue=3|pages=032030|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/664/3/032030|bibcode=2015JPhCS.664c2030C|s2cid=114252783|issn=1742-6588|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Zenodo]], the [https://cds.cern.ch/ CERN Document Server],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vesely|first1=Martin|last2=Baron|first2=Thomas|last3=Le Meur|first3=Jean-Yves|last4=Simko|first4=Tibor|year=2004|title=CERN document server: Document management system for grey literature in a networked environment|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02910863|journal=Publishing Research Quarterly|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=77–83|doi=10.1007/BF02910863|s2cid=144064139|issn=1053-8801|via=}}</ref> [[INSPIRE-HEP|INSPIRE]] and [https://www.hepdata.net/ HEPData]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maguire|first1=Eamonn|last2=Heinrich|first2=Lukas|last3=Watt|first3=Graeme|year=2017|title=HEPData: a repository for high energy physics data|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/898/10/102006|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series|volume=898|issue=10|pages=102006|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/898/10/102006|arxiv=1704.05473|bibcode=2017JPhCS.898j2006M|s2cid=943291|issn=1742-6588|via=}}</ref> are the core services used by the researchers and community at CERN, as well as the wider high-energy physics community for the publication of their documents, data, software, multimedia, etc. CERN's efforts towards preservation and reproducible research are best represented by a suite of services addressing the entire physics analysis lifecycle, such as data, software and computing environment. [https://analysispreservation.cern.ch/ CERN Analysis Preservation]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fokianos|first1=Pamfilos|last2=Feger|first2=Sebastian|last3=Koutsakis|first3=Ilias|last4=Lavasa|first4=Artemis|last5=Maciulaitis|first5=Rokas|last6=Naim|first6=Kamran|last7=Okraska|first7=Jan|last8=Papadopoulos|first8=Antonios|last9=Rodríguez|first9=Diego|last10=Šimko|first10=Tibor|last11=Trzcinska|first11=Anna|date=2020|editor-last=Doglioni|editor-first=C.|editor2-last=Kim|editor2-first=D.|editor3-last=Stewart|editor3-first=G.A.|editor4-last=Silvestris|editor4-first=L.|editor5-last=Jackson|editor5-first=P.|editor6-last=Kamleh|editor6-first=W.|title=CERN Analysis Preservation and Reuse Framework: FAIR research data services for LHC experiments|journal=EPJ Web of Conferences|volume=245|pages=06011|doi=10.1051/epjconf/202024506011|bibcode=2020EPJWC.24506011F|s2cid=229268573|issn=2100-014X|doi-access=free}}</ref> helps researchers to preserve and document the various components of their physics analyses. [https://reana.io/ REANA] (Reusable Analyses)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Šimko|first1=Tibor|last2=Heinrich|first2=Lukas|last3=Hirvonsalo|first3=Harri|last4=Kousidis|first4=Dinos|last5=Rodríguez|first5=Diego|date=2019|editor-last=Forti|editor-first=A.|editor2-last=Betev|editor2-first=L.|editor3-last=Litmaath|editor3-first=M.|editor4-last=Smirnova|editor4-first=O.|editor5-last=Hristov|editor5-first=P.|title=REANA: A System for Reusable Research Data Analyses|journal=EPJ Web of Conferences|volume=214|pages=06034|doi=10.1051/epjconf/201921406034|bibcode=2019EPJWC.21406034S|s2cid=187062028|issn=2100-014X|doi-access=free}}</ref> enables the instantiating of preserved research data analyses on the cloud.

All services are built using [[Open-source software|open source software]] and strive towards compliance with best effort principles, such as the [[FAIR data|FAIR principles]], the [[FORCE11|FORCE11 guidelines]] and [[Plan S]], while taking into account relevant activities carried out by the [[European Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Science |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/strategy/goals-research-and-innovation-policy/open-science_en |access-date=2021-02-08 |website=European Commission – European Commission |language=en}}</ref>