Editing Brown bear (section)

===Relations with other predators===
[[File:Wolfbear.jpg|thumb|Brown bear being followed by a [[wolf]]]]

Adult bears are generally immune to predatory attacks except from large [[Siberian tiger|Siberian (Amur) tigers]] and other bears. Following a decrease of ungulate populations from 1944 to 1959, 32 cases of Siberian tigers attacking both [[Ussuri brown bear]]s (''Ursus arctos lasiotus'') and [[Ussuri black bear]]s (''U. thibetanus ussuricus'') were recorded in the [[Russian Far East]], and bear hairs were found in several tiger scat samples. Tigers attack black bears less often than brown bears, since the brown bears live in more open habitats and are not able to climb trees. In the same time period, four cases of brown bears killing female tigers and young cubs were reported, both in disputes over prey and in self-defense.<ref name="soviet"/> In rare cases, when Amur tigers prey on brown bears, they usually target young and sub-adult bears, besides small female adults taken outside their dens, generally when lethargic from [[hibernation]].<ref name=FBW>{{cite book| author=Fraser, A. F. |year=2012 |title=Feline Behaviour and Welfare |publisher=CABI| pages=72–77 |isbn=978-1-84593-926-7}}</ref> Predation by tigers on denned brown bears was not detected during a study carried out between 1993 and 2002.<ref name="Denning">{{cite journal |author=Seryodkin, I. V. |author2=Kostyria, A. V. |author3=Goodrich, J. M. |author4=Miquelle, D. G. |author5=Smirnov, E. N. |author6=Kerley, L. L. |author7=Hornocker, M. G. |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.wcsrussia.org/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?EntryId=3313&PortalId=32&DownloadMethod=attachment |year=2003 |title=Denning ecology of brown bears and Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East |journal=Ursus |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=159 |access-date=15 September 2014 |archive-date=17 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817151324/http://www.wcsrussia.org/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?EntryId=3313&PortalId=32&DownloadMethod=attachment |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ussuri brown bears, along with the smaller black bears constitute 2.1% of the Siberian tiger's annual diet, of which 1.4% are brown bears.<ref name=Seryodkin2>{{cite book |author=Seryodkin, I. V. |author2=Goodrich, J. M. |author3=Kostyrya, A. V. |author4=Schleyer, B. O. |author5=Smirnov, E. N. |author6=Kerley, L. L. |author7=Miquelle, D. G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |chapter=Глава 19. Взаимоотношения амурского тигра с бурым и гималайским медведями [Chapter 19. Relationship of Amur tigers with brown and Himalayan black bear] |editor1=Miquelle, D. G. |editor2=Smirnov, E. N. |editor3=Goodrich, J. M. |title=Tigers of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation |location=Vladivostok, Russia |publisher=PSP |pages=156–163 |language=ru |chapter-url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.wcsrussia.org/Publications/TigerMonograph/tabid/2082/language/en-US/default.aspx&ei=yhlkSsf9KeOgjAf4r7zvDw&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwcs%2Brussia%2Btiger%2Bmonograph%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018234449/http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcsrussia.org%2FPublications%2FTigerMonograph%2Ftabid%2F2082%2Flanguage%2Fen-US%2Fdefault.aspx&ei=yhlkSsf9KeOgjAf4r7zvDw&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dwcs%2Brussia%2Btiger%2Bmonograph%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Seryodkin_PhD">{{cite thesis |url=http://uml.wl.dvgu.ru/rscv.php?id=74 |title=The ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in Sikhote-Alin |language=ru |author=Seryodkin, I. |year=2006 |type=PhD |publisher=Far Eastern National University |location=Vladivostok, Russia |pages=61–73 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224090426/http://uml.wl.dvgu.ru/rscv.php?id=74 |archive-date=2013-12-24}}</ref>

[[File:Zoltán, a Farkasember 1.jpg|thumb|Brown bear and wolf pack squabbling over a carcass]]

Brown bears regularly intimidate [[wolf|wolves]] to drive them away from their kills. In [[Yellowstone National Park]], bears pirate wolf kills so often, Yellowstone's Wolf Project director Doug Smith wrote, "It's not a matter of if the bears will come calling after a kill, but when." Despite the animosity between the two species, most confrontations at kill sites or large carcasses end without bloodshed on either side. Though conflict over carcasses is common, on rare occasions the two predators tolerate each other at the same kill. To date, there is a single recorded case of fully-grown wolves being killed by a grizzly bear.<ref>{{cite journal|volume=122 |issue=1 |year=2008 |title= Gray Wolves, ''Canis lupus'', Killed by Cougars, ''Puma concolor'', and a Grizzly Bear, ''Ursus arctos'', in Montana, Alberta, and Wyoming |author1= Jimenez, Michael D. |author2=Asher, Valpa J. |author3=Bergman, Carita |author4=Bangs, Edward E. |author5=Woodruff, Susannah P. |journal=The Canadian Field-Naturalist |page=76|doi=10.22621/cfn.v122i1.550 |doi-access=free }} [http://mountainlion.org/US/WY/WY%20R%20Jimenez%20et%20al%202008%20Gray%20Wolves%20Killed%20by%20Cougars%20and%20Grizzly%20Bears%20in%20Montana,%20Alberta,%20and%20Wyoming%20-%20Canadian%20Field%20Naturalist.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119030500/https://mountainlion.org/US/WY/WY%20R%20Jimenez%20et%20al%202008%20Gray%20Wolves%20Killed%20by%20Cougars%20and%20Grizzly%20Bears%20in%20Montana,%20Alberta,%20and%20Wyoming%20-%20Canadian%20Field%20Naturalist.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mountainlion.org/US/WY/WY%20R%20Jimenez%20et%20al%202008%20Gray%20Wolves%20Killed%20by%20Cougars%20and%20Grizzly%20Bears%20in%20Montana,%20Alberta,%20and%20Wyoming%20-%20Canadian%20Field%20Naturalist.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date=19 January 2021 }}.</ref> Given the opportunity, however, both species will prey on the other's cubs.<ref>{{cite web |author=Downey, Betsy |title=Personal Encounter. Wolf-Grizzly interaction in Yellowstone National Park |publisher=[[International Wolf Center]] |url=http://www.wolf.org/wolves/news/iwmag/2006/spring/personalencounter.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227175714/http://www.wolf.org/wolves/news/iwmag/2006/spring/personalencounter.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref> In some areas, grizzly bears regularly displace [[cougar]]s from their kills.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3873109|title=Encounter Competition between Bears and Cougars: Some Ecological Implications|author1=Murphy, Kerry M. |author2=Felzien, Gregory S. |author3=Hornocker, Maurice G. |author4=Ruth, Toni K. |journal=Ursus|volume=10 |year=1998|pages=55–60}}</ref> Cougars kill small bear cubs on rare occasions, but there was only one report of a bear killing a cougar, of unknown age and condition, between 1993 and 1996.<ref>[http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/52386062/ursus_arctos_001.html ADW: Ursus arctos: Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512163707/http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/52386062/ursus_arctos_001.html |date=12 May 2013 }}. Arlis.org. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hornocker |first1=Maurice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSDUxT3fSYEC&q=editions:wf3LntQ6js8C |title=Cougar: Ecology and Conservation |last2=Negri |first2=Sharon |date=2009-12-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-35347-0 |pages=163–174 |language=en}}</ref> 

Brown bears usually dominate other bear species in areas where they coexist. Due to their smaller size, [[American black bear]]s are at a competitive disadvantage to grizzly bears in open, unforested areas. Although displacement of black bears by grizzly bears has been documented, actual killing of black bears by grizzlies has only occasionally been reported. Confrontation is mostly avoided due to the black bear's diurnal habits and preference for heavily forested areas, as opposed to the grizzly's largely nocturnal habits and preference for open spaces.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/upload/predation.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/upload/predation.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Probable grizzly bear predation on an American black bear in Yellowstone National Park |author1=Gunther, Kerry A. |author2=Biel, Mark J. |author3=Anderson, Neil |author4=Watts, Lisette |year=2002 |journal=[[Ursus (journal)|Ursus]] |volume=13 |pages=372–374}}</ref> Brown bears may also kill [[Asian black bear]]s, though the latter species probably largely avoids conflicts with the brown bear, due to similar habits and habitat preferences to the American black species.<ref name="denning">{{cite journal|url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_14_2/Seryodkin_14_2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_14_2/Seryodkin_14_2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Denning ecology of brown bears and Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East|jstor=3873015|author=Seryodkin, Ivan V.|journal=Ursus|volume=14|issue= 2 |year=2003|pages=153–161|last2=Kostyria|first2=A. V.|last3=Goodrich|first3=J. M.|last4=Miquelle|first4=D. G.|last5=Smirnov|first5=E. N.|last6=Kerley|first6=L. L.|last7=Quigley|first7=H. B.|last8=Hornocker|first8=M. G. }}</ref> As of the 21st century, there has been an increase in interactions between brown bears and [[polar bear]]s, theorized to be caused by [[climate change]]. Brown and grizzly bears have been seen moving increasingly northward into territories formerly claimed by polar bears. They tend to dominate polar bears in disputes over carcasses,<ref>Dough O'Hara [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120030414/http://dwb.adn.com/front/story/6415667p-6294323c.html Polar bears, grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope]. Anchorage Daily News. 24 April 2005</ref> and dead polar bear cubs have been found in brown bear dens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/DyeHard/Story?id=582243&page=3 |title=ABC News: Grizzlies Encroaching on Polar Bear Country |work=ABC News |access-date=10 October 2009 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805152310/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/DyeHard/Story?id=582243&page=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>