Editing Boxer Rebellion (section)

=== Indemnity ===
After the capture of Peking by the foreign armies, some of Cixi's advisers advocated that the war be carried on, arguing that China could have defeated the foreigners as it was disloyal and traitorous people within China who allowed Beijing and Tianjin to be captured by the Allies, and that the interior of China was impenetrable. They also recommended that Dong Fuxiang continue fighting. The Empress Dowager Cixi was practical however, and decided that the terms were generous enough for her to acquiesce when she was assured of her continued reign after the war and that China would not be forced to cede any territory.{{sfnp|Preston|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iWxKQejMtlMC&pg=PA312 312]}}

On 7 September 1901, the Qing imperial court agreed to sign the [[Boxer Protocol]], also known as Peace Agreement between the Eight-Nation Alliance and China. The protocol ordered the execution of 10 high-ranking officials linked to the outbreak and other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of foreigners in China. [[Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein|Alfons Mumm]], [[Ernest Satow]], and [[Komura Jutaro]] signed on behalf of Germany, Britain, and Japan, respectively.

China was fined [[war reparations]] of 450,000,000 [[tael]]s of fine silver ({{approx.}}{{convert|540000000|ozt|t}}) for the loss that it caused. The reparation was to be paid by 1940, within 39 years, and would be 982,238,150 taels with interest (4 per cent per year) included. The existing tariff increased from 3.18 to 5 per cent, and formerly duty-free merchandise was newly taxed, to help meet these indemnity demands. The sum of reparations was estimated by the Chinese population size (roughly 450&nbsp;million in 1900) at one tael per person. Chinese customs income and salt taxes guaranteed the reparation.{{sfnp|Hsü|2000|pp=401, 405, 431}} China paid 668,661,220 taels of silver from 1901 to 1939&nbsp;– equivalent in 2010 to {{approx.}}US$61&nbsp;billion on a purchasing-power-parity basis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhaojin |first=Ji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHKlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 |title=A History of Modern Shanghai Banking: The Rise and Decline of China's Financial Capitalism |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-47807-2 |page=75}}</ref>

A large portion of the reparations paid to the United States was diverted to pay for the education of Chinese students in US universities under the [[Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program]]. To prepare the students chosen for this program, an institute was established to teach the English language and to serve as a preparatory school. When the first of these students returned to China, they undertook the teaching of subsequent students; from this institute was born [[Tsinghua University]].

[[File:BoxerAmericanTroops.jpg|thumb|American troops during the Boxer Rebellion]]
The US China Inland Mission lost more members than any other missionary agency: 58 adults and 21 children were killed.{{sfnp|Broomhall|1901}}{{page needed|date=March 2024}}{{primary source inline|date=March 2024}} However, in 1901, when the allied nations were demanding compensation from the Chinese government, [[Hudson Taylor]] refused to accept payment for loss of property or life, to demonstrate the meekness and gentleness of Christ to the Chinese.{{sfnp|Broomhall|1901}}{{page needed|date=March 2024}}{{primary source inline|date=March 2024}}

The Belgian Catholic vicar apostolic of Ordos wanted foreign troops garrisoned in Inner Mongolia, but the Governor refused. Bermyn petitioned the Manchu [[Enming]] to send troops to [[Hetao]] where Prince Duan's Mongol troops and General [[Dong Fuxiang]]'s Muslim troops allegedly threatened Catholics. It turned out that Bermyn had created the incident as a hoax.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heylen |first=Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSl5cl_wt24C&pg=PA203 |title=Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: Looking through the Lens of Joseph Van Oost, Missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915–1921) |publisher=Leuven University Press |year=2004 |isbn=90-5867-418-5 |page=203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taveirne |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2japTNPRNAC&pg=PA539 |title=Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911 |publisher=Leuven University Press |year=2004 |isbn=90-5867-365-0 |page=539}}</ref> Western Catholic missionaries forced Mongols to give up their land to Han Chinese Catholics as part of the Boxer indemnities according to Mongol historian Shirnut Sodbilig.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taveirne |first=Patrick |title=World Views and Worldly Wisdom · Visions et expériences du monde: Religion, Ideology and Politics, 1750–2000 · Religion, idéologie et politique, 1750–2000 |publisher=Leuven University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-94-6270-074-1 |editor-last=Maeyer |editor-first=Jan De |edition=Repr. |series=KADOC-Studies on Religion, Culture and Society |volume=17 |page=211 |chapter=Modern ethno-national visions and missionaries from the low countries at China's edge (1865–1948) |editor-last2=Viaene |editor-first2=Vincent |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QckaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211}}</ref> Mongols had participated in attacks against Catholic missions in the Boxer rebellion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taveirne |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2japTNPRNAC&pg=PA568 |title=Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911 |publisher=Leuven University Press |year=2004 |isbn=90-5867-365-0 |edition=Illustrated |series=Louvain Chinese studies |volume=15 |page=568}}</ref>

The Qing government did not capitulate to all the foreign demands. The Manchu governor Yuxian was executed, but the imperial court refused to execute the Han Chinese General Dong Fuxiang, although he had also encouraged the killing of foreigners during the rebellion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neaman Lipman |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA224 |title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-295-97644-6 |location=Seattle |page=181}}</ref> Empress Dowager Cixi intervened when the Alliance demanded him executed and Dong was only cashiered and sent back home.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:董福祥与西北马家军阀的的故事 |url=http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0526/12/1256060_29592130.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214121754/http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0526/12/1256060_29592130.shtml |archive-date=14 December 2018 |access-date=30 October 2014 |language=zh}}</ref> Instead, Dong lived a life of luxury and power in "exile" in his home province of Gansu.<ref name="Hastings1916" /> Upon Dong's death in 1908, all honours which had been stripped from him were restored and he was given a full military burial.<ref name="Hastings1916">{{Cite book |last1=Hastings |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEwTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA893 |title=Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics |last2=Selbie |first2=John Alexander |last3=Gray |first3=Louis Herbert |publisher=T. & T. Clark |year=1916 |isbn=978-0-567-06509-4 |volume=8 |page=894}}</ref> The indemnity was never fully paid and was lifted during World War II.{{sfnp|Hammond|2023|p=14}}