Editing Bosnia and Herzegovina (section)

==Demography==
{{Main|Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina|l1=Demography of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnians}}
{{See also|Demographic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
According to the [[1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina|1991 census]], Bosnia and Herzegovina had a population of 4,369,319, while the 1996 World Bank Group census showed a decrease to 3,764,425.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=1996&locations=BA&name_desc=false&start=1991|title=Population, total {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2 August 2019|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225121727/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=1996&locations=BA&name_desc=false&start=1991|url-status=live}}</ref> Large population migrations during the [[Yugoslav Wars]] in the 1990s have caused demographic shifts in the country. Between 1991 and 2013, political disagreements made it impossible to organize a census. A census had been planned for 2011,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/census-in-bosnia-still-uncertain|title=Hopes Fade For Census in Bosnia in 2011|first=Zdravko|last=Ljubas|work=Balkan Insight|date=3 February 2011|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816014819/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/census-in-bosnia-still-uncertain|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and then for 2012,<ref>{{cite web |first=Senka |last=Kurt |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnia-edges-closer-to-census |title=Bosnia Edges Closer To Population Census |work=Balkan Insight |date=1 August 2011 |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729045100/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnia-edges-closer-to-census |archive-date=29 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> but was delayed until October 2013. The [[2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina|2013 census]] found a total population of 3,531,159 people,<ref name="Popis2013"/> a drop of approximately 20% since 1991.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnia-census-results-spark-feuding/27831183.html|title=Bosnia Erupts In Feuding Over New Census Data|first=Charles|last=Recknagel|publisher=Radio Free Europe|date=30 June 2016|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110224944/https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnia-census-results-spark-feuding/27831183.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2013 census figures include non-permanent Bosnian residents and for this reason are contested by Republika Srpska officials and Serb politicians (see Ethnic groups below).<ref name="WithoutSerbAgreement" />

===Largest cities===
{{Largest cities of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
[[File:BiH - Etnicki sastav po opstinama 2013 1.gif|thumb|Ethnic structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina by municipalities in 2013, Green for Bosniaks, Orange for Croats and Blue for Serbs]]
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Ethnic composition in Bosnia and Herzegovina as of 2013:<ref name="Popis2013"/>
|label1 = [[Bosniaks]]
|value1 = 50.1
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbs]]
|value2 = 30.8
|color2 = Red
|label3 = [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Croats]]
|value3 = 15.4
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 2.7
|color4 = Orange
|label5 = Not declared
|value5 = 0.8
|color5 = Pink
|label6 = No answer
|value6 = 0.2
|color6 = Black
}}

Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to three ethnic "[[Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina|constituent peoples]]", namely [[Bosniaks]], [[Serbs]] and [[Croats]], plus a number of smaller groups including [[History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Jews]] and [[Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Roma]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/04/04/second-class-citizens/discrimination-against-roma-jews-and-other-national|title=Second Class Citizens: Discrimination against Roma, Jews, and Other National Minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=4 April 2012|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816032906/https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/04/04/second-class-citizens/discrimination-against-roma-jews-and-other-national|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to data from the 2013 census published by the [[Statistical system of Bosnia and Herzegovina#The Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHAS)|Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], Bosniaks constitute 50.1% of the population, Serbs 30.8%, Croats 15.5% and others 2.7%, with the remaining respondents not declaring their ethnicity or not answering.<ref name="Popis2013"/> The census results are contested by the [[Republika Srpska]] statistical office and by [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serb]] politicians.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/new-demographic-picture-of-bosnia-finally-revealed-06-30-2016|title=Census Reveals Bosnia's Changed Demography|first=Rodolfo|last=Toe|work=Balkan Insight|date=30 June 2016|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630235018/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/new-demographic-picture-of-bosnia-finally-revealed-06-30-2016|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The dispute over the census concerns the inclusion of non-permanent Bosnian residents in the figures, which Republika Srpska officials oppose.<ref name="WithoutSerbAgreement">{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnia-to-release-long-awaited-census-results-on-thursday-06-29-2016|title=Bosnia to Publish Census Without Serb Agreement|first=Rodolfo|last=Toe|work=Balkan Insight|date=30 June 2016|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630235348/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnia-to-release-long-awaited-census-results-on-thursday-06-29-2016|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[European Union]]'s statistics office, [[Eurostat]], concluded in May 2016 that the census methodology used by the Bosnian statistical agency is in line with international recommendations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bosnia–Herzegovina has lost a fifth of its pre-war population|date=2016|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/01/bosnia-herzegovina-has-lost-a-fifth-of-its-pre-war-population-census-shows|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707214817/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/01/bosnia-herzegovina-has-lost-a-fifth-of-its-pre-war-population-census-shows|archive-date=7 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Languages===
Bosnia's constitution does not specify any official languages.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Language rights and language justice in the constitutions of the world|journal=Language Problems & Language Planning|volume=28|issue=1|pages=11–24|first=Eduardo D.|last=Faingold|doi=10.1075/lplp.28.1.03fai|date=2004|s2cid=144311672|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4520/3d23862ea794af0a9dd4dde606b76c02a47d.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213004700/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4520/3d23862ea794af0a9dd4dde606b76c02a47d.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-02-13| issn = 0272-2690 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rights Before Courts: A Study of Constitutional Courts in Postcommunist States of Central and Eastern Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/rightsbeforecour00sadu|url-access=limited|first=Wojciech|last=Sadurski|author-link=Wojciech Sadurski|date=2005|publisher=Springer|page=[https://archive.org/details/rightsbeforecour00sadu/page/n357 342]|isbn=1402030061}}</ref><ref name="Footitt">{{cite book|title=Languages at War: Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict|first1=Hilary|last1=Footitt|first2=Michael|last2=Kelly|date=2012|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=111–120|isbn=978-0230368774}}</ref> However, academics Hilary Footitt and Michael Kelly note the [[Dayton Agreement]] states it {{clarify|the Dayton agreement, government, official communication, communication between groups???|date=January 2024}} is "done in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], English and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]", and they describe this as the "de facto recognition of three official languages" at the state level. The equal status of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian was verified by the [[Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Constitutional Court]] in 2000.<ref name=Footitt/> It ruled the provisions of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Federation]] and Republika Srpska constitutions on language were incompatible with the state constitution, since they only recognised Bosnian and Croatian (in the case of the Federation) and Serbian (in the case of Republika Srpska) as official languages at the entity level. As a result, the wording of the entity constitutions was changed and all three languages were made official in both entities.<ref name=Footitt/> The three [[standard language]]s are fully [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] and are known collectively under the appellation of [[Serbo-Croatian]], despite this term not being formally recognized in the country. Use of one of the three languages has become a marker of ethnic identity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration|last=Greenberg|first=Robert David|date=2004|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925815-4}}</ref> Michael Kelly and Catherine Baker argue: "The three official languages of today's Bosnian state...represent the symbolic assertion of national identity over the pragmatism of mutual intelligibility".<ref>{{cite book|title=Interpreting the Peace: Peace Operations, Conflict and Language in Bosnia–Herzegovina|first1=Michael|last1=Kelly|first2=Catherine|last2=Baker|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2013|page=10|isbn=978-1137029836}}</ref>

According to the 1992 [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] (ECRML), Bosnia and Herzegovina recognizes the following minority languages: [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[German language|German]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Slovene language|Slovene]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and Jewish ([[Yiddish]] and [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]]).<ref name="charter-ratifications">{{cite web|title=Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|website=Council of Europe|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The German minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina are mostly remnants of [[Danube Swabians]], who settled in the area after the [[Austrian Empire|Habsburg monarchy]] claimed the Balkans from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Due to [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|expulsions]] and [[Persecution of Germans|(forced) assimilation]] after the two [[World war]]s, the number of ethnic Germans in Bosnia and Herzegovina was drastically diminished.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agdm.fuen.org/mitglied-102/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ |title=Deutsche Minderheit in Bosnien-Herzegowina – German minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina |author=Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Minderheiten |work=fuen.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925092959/http://agdm.fuen.org/mitglied-102/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>

In the 2013 census, 52.86% of the population consider their mother tongue Bosnian, 30.76% Serbian, 14.6% Croatian and 1.57% another language, with 0.21% not giving an answer.<ref name=Popis2013/>

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013 census)<ref name="Popis2013"/>
|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=right
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Muslims|Muslim]]|Green|50.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]]|Red|30.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Catholic Christian]]|Blue|15.2}}
{{bar percent|Other|Orange|1.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Atheism|Atheist]]|Black|0.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Agnosticism|Agnostic]]|Pink|0.3}}
{{bar percent|Not declared|Gray|0.9}}
{{bar percent|No answer|Purple|0.2}}
}}

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a religiously diverse country. According to the 2013 census, [[Muslims]] comprised 50.7% of the population, while [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] made 30.7%, [[Catholic Church|Catholic Christians]] 15.2%, 1.2% other and 1.1% [[Atheism|atheist]] or [[Agnosticism|agnostic]], with the remainder not declaring or not answering the question.<ref name="Popis2013"/> A 2012 survey found 54% of Bosnia's Muslims were [[non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational]], while 38% followed [[Sunni Islam|Sunnism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/08/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf|title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=2012|page=30|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060051/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/08/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Urban areas===
{{Main|List of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

[[Sarajevo]] is home to 419,957 inhabitants in its urban area which comprises the [[Sarajevo#Municipalities and city government|City of Sarajevo]] as well as the municipalities of [[Ilidža]], [[Vogošća]], [[Istočna Ilidža]], [[Istočno Novo Sarajevo]] and [[Istočni Stari Grad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/RezultatiPopisa_BS.pdf |title=Final results |publisher=Popis 2013 BiH |year=2016 |access-date=19 December 2017 |type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014093505/http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/RezultatiPopisa_BS.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sarajevo metropolitan area|metro area]] has a population of 555,210 and includes [[Sarajevo Canton]], [[Istočno Sarajevo|East Sarajevo]] and the municipalities of [[Breza, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Breza]], [[Kiseljak]], [[Kreševo]] and [[Visoko]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/RezultatiPopisa_BS.pdf |title=Census results |date=2013 |website=popis.gov.ba |access-date=2021-06-22 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014093505/http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/RezultatiPopisa_BS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
According to the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Bosnia and Herzegovina has a low level of hunger, with a GHI score of less than 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en}}</ref>