Editing Bacillus thuringiensis (section)

===Secondary pests===
Several studies have documented surges in "sucking pests" (which are not affected by Bt toxins) within a few years of adoption of Bt cotton. In China, the main problem has been with [[mirids]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu Y, Wu K, Jiang Y, Xia B, Li P, Feng H, Wyckhuys KA, Guo Y | title = Mirid bug outbreaks in multiple crops correlated with wide-scale adoption of Bt cotton in China | journal = Science | volume = 328 | issue = 5982 | pages = 1151–4 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20466880 | doi = 10.1126/science.1187881 | bibcode = 2010Sci...328.1151L | s2cid = 2093962 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference | vauthors = Just DR, Wang S, Pinstrup-Andersen P |year=2006 |title=Tarnishing Silver Bullets: Bt Technology Adoption, Bounded Rationality and the Outbreak of Secondary Pest Infestations in China |conference=American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting |location=Long Beach, CA |url=http://purl.umn.edu/21230}}
* {{cite news | vauthors = Lang S |date=July 25, 2006 |title=Seven-year glitch: Cornell warns that Chinese GM cotton farmers are losing money due to 'secondary' pests |newspaper=Cornell Chronicle |url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July06/Bt.cotton.China.ssl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811215559/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July06/Bt.cotton.China.ssl.html |archive-date=2006-08-11}}</ref> which have in some cases "completely eroded all benefits from Bt cotton cultivation".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1504/IJBT.2008.018348 |title=Bt-cotton and secondary pests |year=2008 | vauthors = Wang S, Just DR, Pinstrup-Andersen P |journal=International Journal of Biotechnology |volume=10 |issue=2/3 |pages=113–21}}</ref> The increase in sucking pests depended on local temperature and rainfall conditions and increased in half the villages studied. The increase in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Z, Lin H, Huang J, Hu R, Rozelle S, Pray C |doi=10.1016/S1671-2927(09)60012-2 |title=Bt Cotton in China: Are Secondary Insect Infestations Offsetting the Benefits in Farmer Fields? |year=2009 |journal=Agricultural Sciences in China |volume=8 |pages=83–90}}</ref> Another study in five provinces in China found the reduction in pesticide use in Bt cotton cultivars is significantly lower than that reported in research elsewhere, consistent with the hypothesis suggested by recent studies that more pesticide sprayings are needed over time to control emerging secondary pests, such as aphids, spider mites, and lygus bugs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao JH, Ho P, Azadi H | title = Benefits of Bt cotton counterbalanced by secondary pests? Perceptions of ecological change in China | journal = Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | volume = 173 | issue = 1–4 | pages = 985–994 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 20437270 | doi = 10.1007/s10661-010-1439-y | s2cid = 1583208 }}; Erratum published 2012 Aug 5: {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao JH, Ho P, Azadi H |doi=10.1007/s10661-012-2699-5 |title=Erratum to: Benefits of Bt cotton counterbalanced by secondary pests? Perceptions of ecological change in China |year=2012 |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=184 |issue=11 |page=7079 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Similar problems have been reported in India, with both [[mealy bugs]]<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Goswami B | work = InfoChange | url = http://infochangeindia.org/200709026463/Other/Features/Making-a-meal-of-Bt-cotton.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080616053151/http://infochangeindia.org/200709026463/Other/Features/Making-a-meal-of-Bt-cotton.html | archive-date = 16 June 2008 | title = Making a meal of Bt cotton | access-date = 6 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmwatch.org/en/news/archive/2007/7640-bug-makes-meal-of-punjab-cotton-whither-bt-magic-492007 |access-date=14 March 2018 |title=Bug makes meal of Punjab cotton, whither Bt magic? |date=4 September 2007 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> and aphids<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.09.008 |title=Field versus Farm in Warangal: Bt Cotton, Higher Yields, and Larger Questions |year=2011 | vauthors = Stone GD |journal=World Development |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=387–98}}</ref> although a survey of small Indian farms between 2002 and 2008 concluded Bt cotton adoption has led to higher yields and lower pesticide use, decreasing over time.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.agsy.2011.11.005 |title=Bt cotton and sustainability of pesticide reductions in India |year=2012 | vauthors = Krishna VV, Qaim M |journal=Agricultural Systems |volume=107 |pages=47–55}}</ref>