Editing Aurangzeb (section)

===Art and culture===
Aurangzeb was noted for his religious piety; he [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorized the entire Quran]], studied [[hadith]]s and stringently observed the rituals of Islam,<ref name="Richards1996p128" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Truschke |first1=Audrey |title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King |publisher= Stanford University Press|year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5036-0257-1 |page=66}}</ref> and "transcribe[d] copies of the Quran."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=K. |year=1975 |title=How Learned Were the Mughals: Reflections on Muslim Libraries in India |journal=The Journal of Library History |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=241–254 |jstor=25540640}}</ref><ref name="Qadir1936">{{cite journal |last=Qadir |first=K.B.S.S.A. |year=1936 |title=The Cultural Influences of Islam in India |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |volume=84 |issue=4338 |pages=228–241 |jstor=41360651}}</ref>

Aurangzeb had a more austere nature than his predecessors, and greatly reduced imperial patronage of the figurative [[Mughal miniature]].<ref>''Imperial Mughal Painting'', [[Stuart Cary Welch]], (New York: George Braziller, 1978), pp. 112–113. "In spite of his later austerity, which turned him against music, dance, and painting, a few of the best Mughal paintings were made for [Aurangzeb] 'Alamgir. Perhaps the painters realized that he might close the workshops and therefore exceeded themselves in his behalf".</ref>

====Calligraphy====
[[File:Aurangzeb Handwritten Quran.jpg|thumb|A manuscript of the ''[[Quran]]'', parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&id=202553 |title = Emirates owner to sell Quran inscribed by Aurangzeb |date = 15 November 2018 |access-date = 7 April 2011 |archive-date = 24 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724232445/http://abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&id=202553 }}</ref>]]

The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb is known to have patronised works of [[Islamic calligraphy]];<ref>{{cite book |author=Taher, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRLXDBX5KzkC |title=Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives |date=1994 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-524-9 |page=54 |access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref> the demand for Quran manuscripts in the ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' style peaked during his reign. Having been instructed by [[Syed Ali Tabrizi]], Aurangzeb was himself a talented calligrapher in ''naskh'', evidenced by Quran manuscripts that he created.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blair|first=Sheila|title=Islamic calligraphy|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-1212-3|location=Edinburgh|page=550|oclc=56651142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|title=Calligraphy and Islamic culture|date=1990|publisher=Tauris|isbn=1-85043-186-8|location=London|oclc=20420019}}</ref>

====Architecture====
Aurangzeb was not as involved in architecture as his father. Under Aurangzeb's rule, the position of the Mughal Emperor as chief architectural patron began to diminish. However, Aurangzeb did endow some significant structures. Catherine Asher terms his architectural period as an "Islamization" of [[Mughal architecture]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|pages=252 & 290|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281}}</ref> One of the earliest constructions after his accession was a small marble mosque known as the [[Moti Masjid (Delhi)|Moti Masjid]] (Pearl Mosque), built for his personal use in the Red Fort complex of Delhi. He later ordered the construction of the [[Badshahi Mosque]] in Lahore, which is today one of the largest mosques in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |date=2004 |orig-date=First published 1994 as ''Histoire de l'Inde Moderne'' |editor-first=Claude |editor-last=Markovits |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Anthem Press |page=166 |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4}}</ref> The mosque he constructed in Srinagar is still the largest in [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aali Masjid |url=http://www.heritageofkashmir.org/projects/conservation-projects/aali-masjid.html |website=heritageofkashmir.org |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809232839/http://www.heritageofkashmir.org/projects/conservation-projects/aali-masjid.html |archive-date=9 August 2014}}</ref> Aurangzeb had a palace constructed for himself in Aurangabad, which was extant till a few years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |date=2016-12-20 |title=A Tale of Two Imperial Residences: Aurangzeb's Architectural Patronage |url=http://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/JIA/article/view/3514 |journal=Journal of Islamic Architecture |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=63 |doi=10.18860/jia.v4i2.3514 |issn=2356-4644|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Most of Aurangzeb's building activity revolved around mosques, but secular structures were not neglected. The [[Mubarak Manzil (Agra)|Mubarak Manzil]] in Agra served as his riverside residence after his victory at Samugarh.<ref name="wire2025">{{cite web |title=Agra: 17th-Century Mubarak Manzil, Built by Aurangzeb, Reduced to Rubble |url=https://thewire.in/history/agra-17th-century-mubarak-manzil-built-by-aurangzeb-reduced-to-rubble |website=The Wire |date=3 January 2025 |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref> The Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad, the mausoleum of Rabia-ud-Daurani, was constructed by his eldest son [[Azam Shah]] upon Aurangzeb's decree. Its architecture displays clear inspiration from the Taj Mahal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|pages=263–264|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Heritage Sites. Bibi-Ka-Maqbar |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ellora_bibi.asp |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011201131/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ellora_bibi.asp |archive-date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> Aurangzeb also provided and repaired urban structures like fortifications (for example a wall around Aurangabad, many of whose [[Gates in Aurangabad|gates]] still survive), bridges, [[caravanserais]], and gardens.<ref name="Asher-1992">{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|pages=260–261|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281}}</ref>

Aurangzeb was more heavily involved in the repair and maintenance of previously existing structures. The most important of these were mosques, both Mughal and pre-Mughal, which he repaired more of than any of his predecessors.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|pages=255–259|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281}}</ref> He patronised the ''[[dargahs]]'' of Sufi saints such as [[Bakhtiyar Kaki]], and strived to maintain royal tombs.<ref name="Asher-1992" />

<gallery>
File:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg|Seventeenth-century [[Badshahi Masjid]] built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.
File:Aurangabad, Bibi Ka Maqbara, mausoleo per la prima moglie di aurangzaeb Dilras Banu Begum, 1660-69 ca., corpo centrale e minareti 04.jpg|Bibi ka Maqbara.
</gallery>

====Textiles====
The textile industry in the Mughal Empire emerged very firmly during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and was particularly well noted by Francois Bernier, a French physician of the Mughal Emperor. Francois Bernier writes how ''[[Mughal Karkhanas|Karkanahs]]'', or workshops for the artisans, particularly in textiles flourished by "employing hundreds of embroiderers, who were superintended by a master". He further writes how "Artisans manufacture of silk, fine brocade, and other fine muslins, of which are made turbans, robes of gold flowers, and tunics worn by females, so delicately fine as to wear out in one night, and cost even more if they were well embroidered with fine needlework".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Werner |first=Louis |date=July–August 2011 |title=Mughal Maal |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201104/mughal.maal.htm |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |access-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222152801/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201104/mughal.maal.htm |archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>

He also explains the different techniques employed to produce such complicated textiles as ''Himru'' (whose name is Persian for "brocade"), ''Paithani'' (whose pattern is identical on both sides), ''Mushru'' (satin weave) and how ''Kalamkari'', in which fabrics are painted or block-printed, was a technique that originally came from Persia. Francois Bernier provided some of the first, impressive descriptions of the designs and the soft, delicate texture of [[Shawl|Pashmina shawls]] also known as ''Kani'', which were very valued for their warmth and comfort among the Mughals, and how these textiles and shawls eventually began to find their way to France and England.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hansen |first=Eric |date=July–August 2002 |title=Pashmina: Kashmir's Best Cashmere |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200204/pashmina-kashmir.s.best.cashmere.htm |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |access-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027085612/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200204/pashmina-kashmir.s.best.cashmere.htm |archive-date=27 October 2004}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Caspar David Friedrich - Frau mit Umschlagtuch (1804).jpg|[[Shawl]]s manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.
File:Muslim-shawl-makers-kashmir1867.jpg|[[Shawl]] makers in the Mughal Empire.
File:Floorspread LACMA M.79.9.6 (1 of 3).jpg|Mughal imperial carpet
</gallery>