Editing Astrobiology (section)

===Proposed concepts===

;''Icebreaker Life''
''[[Icebreaker Life]]'' is a lander mission that was proposed for NASA's [[Discovery Program]] for the 2021 launch opportunity,<ref name='Icebreaker2021'>{{cite journal | title = The ''Icebreaker Life'' Mission to Mars: A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life | journal = Astrobiology | date = 5 April 2013 | author1=Christopher P. McKay | author2=Carol R. Stoker | author3=Brian J. Glass | author4=Arwen I. Davé | author5=Alfonso F. Davila | author6=Jennifer L. Heldmann | author7=Margarita M. Marinova | author8=Alberto G. Fairen | author9=Richard C. Quinn | author10=Kris A. Zacny | author11=Gale Paulsen | author12=Peter H. Smith | author13=Victor Parro | author14=Dale T. Andersen | author15=Michael H. Hecht | author16=Denis Lacelle | author17=Wayne H. Pollard | display-authors = 6 | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 334–353 | doi = 10.1089/ast.2012.0878 | pmid = 23560417 |bibcode = 2013AsBio..13..334M}}</ref> but it was not selected for development. It would have had a stationary lander that would be a near copy of the successful 2008 [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|''Phoenix'']] and it would have carried an upgraded astrobiology scientific payload, including a 1-meter-long core drill to sample ice-cemented ground in the northern plains to conduct a search for [[organic molecule]]s and evidence of current or past [[life on Mars]].<ref name="AstrobioMag">{{cite news |last=Choi |first=Charles Q. | title = Icebreaker Life Mission | date = 16 May 2013 | url = http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/5476/mars-icebreaker-life-mission | work = [[Astrobiology Magazine]] | access-date = 1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009000704/http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/mars-icebreaker-life-mission/ |archive-date=2015-10-09 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="LPI 2012">{{cite book | author1 = C. P. McKay |author2= Carol R. Stoker |author3=Brian J. Glass |author4=Arwen I. Davé |author5=Alfonso F. Davila |author6=Jennifer L. Heldmann |author7=Margarita M. Marinova |author8=Alberto G. Fairen |author9=Richard C. Quinn |author10=Kris A. Zacny |author11=Gale Paulsen |author12=Peter H. Smith |author13=Victor Parro |author14=Dale T. Andersen |author15=Michael H. Hecht |author16=Denis Lacelle |author17=Wayne H. Pollard | display-authors = 6 | contribution = The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars: A Search for Biochemical Evidence for Life | title = Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration | publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute | date = 2012 | url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4091.pdf | access-date = 1 July 2013}}</ref> One of the key goals of the ''Icebreaker Life'' mission is to test the [[hypothesis]] that the ice-rich ground in the polar regions has significant concentrations of organics due to protection by the ice from [[Oxidizing agent|oxidants]] and [[Sunlight|radiation]].

;''Journey to Enceladus and Titan''
''[[Journey to Enceladus and Titan]]'' (''JET'') is an astrobiology mission concept to assess the [[planetary habitability|habitability]] potential of [[Saturn]]'s moons [[Enceladus]] and [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] by means of an orbiter.<ref name="Sotin2011">{{cite conference |last1=Sotin |first1=C. |last2=Altwegg |first2=K.|author2-link=Kathrin Altwegg |last3=Brown |first3=R.H. |title=JET: Journey to Enceladus and Titan |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1326.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1326.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |conference=42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute |date=2011 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="JET 204">{{cite news |last=Kane |first=Van |title=Discovery Missions for an Icy Moon with Active Plumes | url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/van-kane/20140402-discovery-missions-for-an-icy-moon-with-plumes.html| work=The Planetary Society |date=3 April 2014 |access-date=9 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="LCPM-2013">{{cite conference |last1=Matousek |first1=Steve |last2=Sotin |first2=Christophe |last3=Goebel |first3=Dan |last4=Lang |first4=Jared |title=JET: Journey to Enceladus and Titan |url=http://lcpm10.caltech.edu/pdf/session-5/3_JET-LCPM-130618-Matousek-final.pdf |conference=Low Cost Planetary Missions Conference |publisher=California Institute of Technology |date=18–21 June 2013 |access-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072017/http://lcpm10.caltech.edu/pdf/session-5/3_JET-LCPM-130618-Matousek-final.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

;''Enceladus Life Finder''
''[[Enceladus Life Finder]]'' (''ELF'') is a proposed astrobiology mission concept for a space probe intended to assess the [[Planetary habitability|habitability]] of the [[Extraterrestrial liquid water#Enceladus|internal aquatic ocean]] of [[Enceladus]], [[Saturn]]'s [[moons of Saturn|sixth-largest moon]].<ref name="2015 LPSC">{{cite conference |last1=Lunine |first1=Jonathan I. | last2=Waite | first2=Jack Hunter Jr. |last3=Postberg |first3=Frank |last4=Spilker |first4=Linda J. |title=Enceladus Life Finder: The search for life in a habitable moon |url=http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/1525.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/1525.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |conference=46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute |place=Houston (TX) |year=2015 }}</ref><ref name="contestants">{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/04/06/diverse-destinations-considered-for-new-interplanetary-probe/ |title=Diverse destinations considered for new interplanetary probe |work=Space Flight Now |date=6 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 }}</ref>

;''Life Investigation For Enceladus''
''[[Life Investigation For Enceladus]]'' (''LIFE'') is a proposed astrobiology sample-return mission concept. The spacecraft would enter into [[Saturn]] orbit and enable multiple flybys through Enceladus' icy plumes to collect icy plume particles and volatiles and return them to Earth on a capsule. The spacecraft may sample Enceladus' plumes, the [[Rings of Saturn#E Ring|E ring of Saturn]], and the upper atmosphere of [[Titan (moon)|Titan]].<ref name="Astro2012">{{cite journal |title= Life Investigation For Enceladus A Sample Return Mission Concept in Search for Evidence of Life. |journal=Astrobiology |date=August 2012 |last1=Tsou |first1=Peter |last2=Brownlee |first2=D.E. |first3=Christopher |last3=McKay |last4=Anbar |first4=A.D. |last5= Yano |first5=H. |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=730–742 |doi=10.1089/ast.2011.0813 |bibcode = 2012AsBio..12..730T |pmid=22970863}}</ref><ref name="Porco 2014">{{cite journal |title=Life – Enceladus Plume Sample Return via Discovery |journal=45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |year=2014 |last1=Tsou |first1=Peter |last2=Anbar |first2=Ariel |last3=Atwegg |first3=Kathrin |last4=Porco |first4=Carolyn |last5=Baross |first5=John |last6=McKay |first6=Christopher |issue=1777 |pages=2192 |bibcode=2014LPI....45.2192T |url=http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/2192.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/2192.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Doc 2013">{{cite journal|url=http://discoveringenceladus.com/downloads/LIFE%20-%20Life%20Investigation%20For%20Enceladus%20-%20A%20Sample%20Return%20Mission%20Concept%20in%20Search%20for%20Evidence%20of%20Life.doc |format=.doc |title=Life Investigation For Enceladus – A Sample Return Mission Concept in Search for Evidence of Life. |last=Tsou |first=Peter |journal=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |date=2013 |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=730–742 |doi=10.1089/ast.2011.0813 |access-date=10 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901121008/http://discoveringenceladus.com/downloads/LIFE%20-%20Life%20Investigation%20For%20Enceladus%20-%20A%20Sample%20Return%20Mission%20Concept%20in%20Search%20for%20Evidence%20of%20Life.doc |archive-date=1 September 2015  |pmid=22970863 |bibcode=2012AsBio..12..730T }}</ref>

;''Oceanus''
[[Oceanus (Titan orbiter)|''Oceanus'']] is an orbiter proposed in 2017 for the [[New Frontiers program|New Frontiers]] mission No. 4. It would travel to the moon of [[Saturn]], [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], to assess its [[Planetary habitability|habitability]].<ref name=sotin>{{cite conference |last1= Sotin|first1= C.|last2= Hayes|first2= A.|last3= Malaska|first3= M.|last4= Nimmo|first4= F.|last5= Trainer|first5= M. |first6 =M.|last6= Mastrogiuseppe|first7= J.|last7= Soderblom|first8= P.|last8= Tortora|first9= J.|last9= Hofgartner|first10=O.|last10= Aharonson|first11=J. W.|last11= Barnes|first12= R.|last12= Hodyss|first13= L.|last13 = Iess|first14 = R.|last14= Kirk|first15= P.|last15 = Lavvas|first16 = R.|last16 = Lorenz |first17=Jonathan I. |last17=Lunine |first18=E.|last18 = Mazarico|first19=A.|last19= McEwen|first20= C. |last20 = Neish|first21=C.|last21= Nixon|first22=E.|last22= Turtle|first23 =  V.|last23= Vuitton|first24= R.|last24= Yelle|display-authors = 6 |url = http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2017/pdf/2306.pdf|title= Oceanus: A New Frontiers orbiter to study Titan's potential habitability |conference= 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|date= 20–24 March 2017 |location = The Woodlands, Texas}}</ref> ''Oceanus''{{'}} objectives are to reveal Titan's [[organic chemistry]], geology, gravity, topography, collect 3D reconnaissance data, catalog the [[Organic compound|organics]] and determine where they may interact with liquid water.<ref>{{cite conference|last1 =Tortora |first1= P.|last2= Zannoni|first2= M.|last3= Nimmo|first3= F.|last4= Mazarico|first4= E.|last5= Iess|first5= L.|last6= Sotin|first6= C. |last7= Hayes|first7= A.|last8= Malaska|first8= M.|title=Titan gravity investigation with the Oceanus mission|journal= EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts|volume= 19|conference= 19th EGU General Assembly, EGU2017|date= 23–28 April 2017 |page = 17876|bibcode= 2017EGUGA..1917876T}}</ref>

;''Explorer of Enceladus and Titan''
''[[Explorer of Enceladus and Titan]]'' ('''E<sup>2</sup>T''') is an orbiter mission concept that would investigate the evolution and [[Planetary habitability|habitability]] of the Saturnian satellites [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]] and [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]. The mission concept was proposed in 2017 by the [[European Space Agency]].<ref name='E2T 2017'>{{cite journal |title=Explorer of Enceladus and Titan (E2T): Investigating the habitability and evolution of ocean worlds in the Saturn system |journal=American Astronomical Society |year=2017|url=https://e2tmission.wordpress.com/ |author1=Mitri, Giuseppe |author2=Postberg, Frank |author3=Soderblom, Jason M. |author4=Tobie, Gabriel |author5=Tortora, Paolo |author6=Wurz, Peter |author7=Barnes, Jason W. |author8=Coustenis, Athena |author9=Ferri, Francesca |author10=Hayes, Alexander |author11=Hayne, Paul O. |author12=Hillier, Jon |author13=Kempf, Sascha |author14=Lebreton, Jean-Pierre |author15=Lorenz, Ralph |author16=Orosei, Roberto |author17=Petropoulos, Anastassios |author18=Yen, Chen-wan |author19=Reh, Kim R. |author20=Schmidt, Jürgen |author21=Sims, Jon |author22=Sotin, Christophe |author23=Srama, Ralf |volume=48 |pages=225.01 |bibcode=2016DPS....4822501M |display-authors=6 |access-date=16 September 2017 }}</ref>