Editing Arts and Crafts movement (section)

===North America===
[[File:Castle in the Clouds.jpg|thumb|Facade of the [[Castle in the Clouds]] and lawn overlooking [[Lake Winnipesaukee]] in [[New Hampshire]], built 1913–1914]]
[[File:Warren Wilson Beach House (The Venice Beach House), Venice, California.JPG|thumb|Warren Wilson Beach House (The Venice Beach House), Venice, California]]
[[File:Gamble House 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Gamble House, Pasadena, California]]
[[File:Arts and Crafts - Tudor home.jpg|thumb|Arts and Crafts Tudor home in the Buena Park Historic District, Uptown, Chicago]]
[[File:7 Boomerang St Haberfield 044-M.jpg|thumb|Example of Arts and Crafts style influence on [[Federation architecture]], showing a faceted bay window and a stone base]]
[[File:43 Birckhead Place, exterior views, 2019 - DPLA - 172dd5f090a496af8d43e220dde9d7a3 (page 5).jpg|thumb|Arts and Crafts home in the Birckhead Place neighborhood of Toledo, Ohio]]

In the United States, the Arts and Crafts style initiated a variety of attempts to reinterpret European Arts and Crafts ideals for Americans. These included the "Craftsman"-style architecture, furniture, and other decorative arts such as designs promoted by [[Gustav Stickley]] in his magazine, ''The Craftsman'' and designs produced on the Roycroft campus as publicized in Elbert Hubbard's ''The Fra''.  Both men used their magazines as a vehicle to promote the goods produced with the Craftsman workshop in Eastwood, NY and Elbert Hubbard's [[Roycroft]] campus in [[East Aurora, NY]]. A host of imitators of Stickley's furniture (the designs of which are often mislabelled the "[[American Craftsman|Mission Style]]") included three companies established by his brothers.

The terms ''[[American Craftsman]]'' or ''Craftsman style'' are often used to denote the style of architecture, interior design, and decorative arts that prevailed between the dominant eras of [[Art Nouveau]] and [[Art Deco]] in the US, or approximately the period from 1910 to 1925.  The movement was particularly notable for the professional opportunities it opened up for women as artisans, designers and entrepreneurs who founded and ran, or were employed by, such successful enterprises as the [[Kalo Shops]], [[Pewabic Pottery]], [[Rookwood Pottery]], and [[Tiffany Studios]]. In Canada, the term ''Arts and Crafts'' predominates, but ''Craftsman'' is also recognized.<ref name = "Obniski">{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acam/hd_acam.htm |first= Monica|last= Obniski|title=The Arts and Crafts Movement in America |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=June 2008 |access-date=}}</ref>

While the Europeans tried to recreate the virtuous crafts being replaced by industrialisation, Americans tried to establish a new type of virtue to replace heroic craft production: well-decorated middle-class homes. They claimed that the simple but refined aesthetics of Arts and Crafts decorative arts would ennoble the new experience of industrial consumerism, making individuals more rational and society more harmonious. The American Arts and Crafts movement was the aesthetic counterpart of its contemporary political philosophy, [[progressivism]]. Characteristically, when the Arts and Crafts Society began in October 1897 in Chicago, it was at [[Hull House]], one of the first American [[settlement house]]s for social reform.<ref name="Obniski"/>

Arts and Crafts ideals disseminated in America through journal and newspaper writing were supplemented by societies that sponsored lectures.<ref name="Obniski"/> The first was organized in Boston in the late 1890s, when a group of influential architects, designers, and educators determined to bring to America the design reforms begun in Britain by William Morris; they met to organize an exhibition of contemporary craft objects. The first meeting was held on 4 January 1897, at the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]] (MFA) in Boston to organize an exhibition of contemporary crafts. When craftsmen, consumers, and manufacturers realised the aesthetic and technical potential of the applied arts, the process of design reform in Boston started. Present at this meeting were General Charles Loring, Chairman of the Trustees of the MFA; [[William Sturgis Bigelow]] and [[Denman Ross]], collectors, writers and MFA trustees; Ross Turner, painter; [[Sylvester Baxter]], art critic for the ''Boston Transcript''; Howard Baker, [[Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow Jr.|A.W. Longfellow Jr.]]; and Ralph Clipson Sturgis, architect.

The first American Arts and Crafts Exhibition began on 5 April 1897, at [[Copley Hall, Boston]] featuring more than 1000 objects made by 160 craftsmen, half of whom were women.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Arts & Crafts Movement – Concepts & Styles|url=https://www.theartstory.org/movement/arts-and-crafts/|access-date=25 December 2020|website=The Art Story}}</ref> Some of the advocates of the exhibit were Langford Warren, founder of Harvard's School of Architecture; Mrs. Richard Morris Hunt; Arthur Astor Carey and Edwin Mead, social reformers; and [[Will H. Bradley]], graphic designer. The success of this exhibition resulted in the incorporation of The Society of Arts and Crafts (SAC), on 28 June 1897, with a mandate to "develop and encourage higher standards in the handicrafts." The 21 founders claimed to be interested in more than sales, and emphasized encouragement of artists to produce work with the best quality of workmanship and design. This mandate was soon expanded into a credo, possibly written by the SAC's first president, [[Charles Eliot Norton]], which read:

<blockquote>This Society was incorporated for the purpose of promoting artistic work in all branches of handicraft. It hopes to bring Designers and Workmen into mutually helpful relations, and to encourage workmen to execute designs of their own. It endeavors to stimulate in workmen an appreciation of the dignity and value of good design; to counteract the popular impatience of Law and Form, and the desire for over-ornamentation and specious originality. It will insist upon the necessity of sobriety and restraint, or ordered arrangement, of due regard for the relation between the form of an object and its use, and of harmony and fitness in the decoration put upon it.<ref>Brandt, Beverly Kay. ''The Craftsman and the Critic: Defining Usefulness and Beauty in the Arts and Crafts-era Boston.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2009. p. 113.</ref></blockquote>

Built in 1913–14 by the Boston architect [[J. Williams Beal]] in the [[Ossipee Mountains]] of [[New Hampshire]], [[Thomas Gustave Plant|Tom and Olive Plant's]] mountaintop estate, [[Castle in the Clouds]] also known as ''Lucknow'', is an excellent example of the American Craftsman style in New England.<ref>Cahn, Lauren. (13 March 2019) [https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/home-and-garden/the-most-famous-house-in-every-state/ss-BBUI50i#image=29 "The Most Famous House in Every State. Image #29: ''Castle in the Clouds''"] [[MSN.com]] website. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</ref>

Also influential were the [[Roycroft]] community initiated by [[Elbert Hubbard]] in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] and [[East Aurora, New York]], [[Joseph Marbella]],  utopian communities like [[Byrdcliffe Colony]] in [[Woodstock, New York]], and [[Rose Valley, Pennsylvania]], developments such as [[Mountain Lakes, New Jersey]], featuring clusters of bungalow and chateau homes built by Herbert J. Hapgood, and the contemporary studio craft style. [[Studio pottery]] – exemplified by the [[Grueby Faience Company]], [[Newcomb Pottery]] in [[New Orleans]], [[Marblehead Pottery]], [[Teco pottery]], [[Overbeck Sisters|Overbeck]] and [[Rookwood pottery]] and [[Mary Chase Perry Stratton]]'s [[Pewabic Pottery]] in [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], the [[Van Briggle Pottery]] company in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]],  as well as the art [[tile]]s made by [[Ernest A. Batchelder]] in [[Pasadena, California]], and idiosyncratic furniture of [[Charles Rohlfs]] all demonstrate the influence of Arts and Crafts.

==== Architecture and art ====
The "[[Prairie School]]" of [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[George Washington Maher]], and other architects in Chicago, the [[Country Day School movement]], the [[bungalow]] and [[ultimate bungalow]] style of houses popularized by [[Greene and Greene]], [[Julia Morgan]], and [[Bernard Maybeck]] are some examples of the American Arts and Crafts and [[American Craftsman]] style of architecture. Restored and landmark-protected examples are still present in America, especially in California in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] and [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], and the sections of other towns originally developed during the era and not experiencing post-war urban renewal. [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]], Prairie School, and the '[[California bungalow]]' styles of residential building remain popular in the United States today.

As theoreticians, educators, and prolific artists in mediums from printmaking to pottery and pastel, two of the most influential figures were [[Arthur Wesley Dow]] (1857–1922) on the East Coast and [[Pedro Joseph de Lemos]] (1882–1954) in California.  Dow, who taught at [[Columbia University]] and founded the Ipswich Summer School of Art, published in 1899 his landmark ''Composition'', which distilled into a distinctly American approach the essence of Japanese composition, combining into a decorative harmonious amalgam three elements: simplicity of line, "notan" (the balance of light and dark areas), and symmetry of color.<ref name="green">{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Nancy E. and Jessie Poesch| title=Arthur Wesley Dow and American arts & crafts| date=1999|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc.| location=New York, NY|isbn=0-8109-4217-8|pages=55–126}}</ref>

His purpose was to create objects that were finely crafted and beautifully rendered.  His student de Lemos, who became head of the [[San Francisco Art Institute]], Director of the [[Stanford University]] Museum and Art Gallery, and Editor-in-Chief of the ''School Arts Magazine'', expanded and substantially revised Dow's ideas in over 150 monographs and articles for art schools in the United States and Britain.<ref name="edwardsrw">{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W.| title=Pedro de Lemos, Lasting Impressions: Works on Paper| date=2015|publisher=Davis Publications Inc.| location=Worcester, Mass.|isbn=978-1-61528-405-4|pages=4–111}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2025|reason=Page numbers are cited, but covering a range of 107 pages}} Among his many unorthodox teachings was his belief that manufactured products could express "the sublime beauty" and that great insight was to be found in the abstract "design forms" of pre-Columbian civilizations.

==== Museums ====
The [[Museum of the American Arts and Crafts Movement]] in [[St. Petersburg, Florida]], opened its doors in 2021.<ref name=Construction>{{cite news|title=Construction Begins on $40 Million Museum of the American Arts & Crafts in Florida|url=http://www.artfixdaily.com/news_feed/2015/02/18/4653-construction-begins-on-40-million-museum-of-the-american-arts-and|access-date=3 March 2015|publisher=ARTFIX Daily|date=18 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180103/http://www.artfixdaily.com/news_feed/2015/02/18/4653-construction-begins-on-40-million-museum-of-the-american-arts-and|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Nichols>{{cite news|last1=Nichols |first1=Steve |title=New, bigger, art museum coming to St. Pete |url=http://www.myfoxtampabay.com/story/28143878/new-bigger-art-museum-coming-to-st-pete |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=FOX 13 Pinellas Bureau Reporter |date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221102147/http://www.myfoxtampabay.com/story/28143878/new-bigger-art-museum-coming-to-st-pete |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref>