Editing Andorra (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Andorramap.png|thumb|right|Map of Andorra with its seven parishes labelled]]
[[File:Andorra topographic map-en.svg|thumb|Topographic map of Andorra]]
{{Main|Geography of Andorra|Geology of Andorra}}

===Parishes===
{{Main|Parishes of Andorra}}
Andorra consists of seven parishes:
* [[File:Former_Coat_of_Arms_of_Andorra_la_Vella.svg|30px| ]] [[Andorra la Vella]]
* [[File:Emblem of Canillo.svg|30px| ]] [[Canillo]]
* [[File:Escut d'Encamp.svg|30px| ]] [[Encamp]]
* [[File:Escut d'Escaldes-Engordany.svg|35px| ]] [[Escaldes-Engordany]]
* [[File:Coat of Arms of La Massana.svg|35px| ]] [[La Massana]]
* [[File:Emblem of Ordino.svg|35px| ]] [[Ordino]]
* [[File:Coat of Arms of Sant Julià de Lòria.svg|35px| ]] [[Sant Julià de Lòria]]

===Physical geography===
Due to its location in the eastern [[Pyrenees]] mountain range, Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains, the highest being the [[Coma Pedrosa]] at {{convert|2946|m|ft|0}}, and the average elevation of Andorra is {{convert|1996|m|ft|0}}.<ref>Atlas of Andorra (1991), Andorran Government. {{oclc|801960401}}. {{in lang|ca}}</ref> These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the [[Gran Valira]] river, leaves the country for Spain (at Andorra's lowest point of {{convert|840|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}). Andorra's land area is {{convert|468|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|0}}.

===Environment===
[[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province of the [[Circumboreal Region]] within the [[Boreal Kingdom]]. According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], the territory of Andorra belongs to the [[ecoregion]] of [[Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> Andorra had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 4.45/10, ranking it 127th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> In Andorra [[forest cover]] is around 34% of the total land area, equivalent to 16,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, which was unchanged from 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 16,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 0 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be [[primary forest]] (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 0% of the forest area was found within protected areas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Andorra |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/AND/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref>

====Important Bird Area====
The whole country has been recognised as a single [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]], because it is important for forest and mountain birds and supports populations of [[red-billed chough]]s, [[citril finch]]es and [[rock bunting]]s.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/pirineo-de-andorra-iba-andorra|title= Pirineo de Andorra|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 25 February 2021}}</ref>

===Climate===

Andorra has [[alpine climate|alpine]], [[continental climate|continental]] and [[oceanic climate]]s, depending on altitude. Its higher elevation means there is, on average, more snow in winter and it is slightly cooler in summer. The diversity of landmarks, the different orientation of the valleys and the irregularity relief typical of the [[Mediterranean climate]]s make the country have a great diversity of [[microclimate]]s that hinder the general dominance of the [[Mountain climate|high mountain climate]]. The great differences of altitude in the minimum and maximum points, together with the influence of a Mediterranean climate, develop the climate of the Andorran Pyrenees.

When in precipitation, a global model characterised by convective and abundant rains can be defined during spring and summer, which can last until autumn (May, June and August are usually the rainiest months). In winter, however, it is less rainy, except in the highlands, subject to the influence of fronts from the [[Atlantic Europe|Atlantic]], which explains the great amount of snowfall in the Andorran mountains. The temperature regime is characterised, broadly, by a temperate summer and a long and cold winter, in accordance with the mountainous condition of the Principality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://es.weatherspark.com/y/46004/Clima-promedio-en-Andorra-la-Vella-Andorra-durante-todo-el-a%C3%B1o|title=Clima promedio en Andorra la Vella, Andorra, durante todo el año – Weather Spark|website=es.weatherspark.com|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506122054/https://es.weatherspark.com/y/46004/Clima-promedio-en-Andorra-la-Vella-Andorra-durante-todo-el-a%C3%B1o}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Andorra La Vella (Roc de Sant Pere), elevation: 1,075m (1971–2000, extremes 1934–present)
| collapsed = 
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 18.0
| Feb record high C = 20.0
| Mar record high C = 24.8
| Apr record high C = 29.0
| May record high C = 29.2
| Jun record high C = 37.4
| Jul record high C = 39.0
| Aug record high C = 35.9
| Sep record high C = 32.0
| Oct record high C = 31.0
| Nov record high C = 21.2
| Dec record high C = 19.0
| year record high C = 39.0
| Jan high C = 6.9
| Feb high C = 8.9
| Mar high C = 11.7
| Apr high C = 13.3
| May high C = 17.6
| Jun high C = 21.9
| Jul high C = 26.2
| Aug high C = 25.4
| Sep high C = 21.4
| Oct high C = 16.0
| Nov high C = 10.7
| Dec high C = 7.5
| year high C = 15.6
| Jan mean C = 2.2
| Feb mean C = 3.5
| Mar mean C = 5.8
| Apr mean C = 7.5
| May mean C = 11.5
| Jun mean C = 15.4
| Jul mean C = 18.8
| Aug mean C = 18.5
| Sep mean C = 14.9
| Oct mean C = 10.3
| Nov mean C = 5.7
| Dec mean C = 3.0
| year mean C = 9.8
| Jan low C = -2.5
| Feb low C = -1.8
| Mar low C = -0.2
| Apr low C = 1.7
| May low C = 5.3
| Jun low C = 8.8
| Jul low C = 11.4
| Aug low C = 11.4
| Sep low C = 8.5
| Oct low C = 4.7
| Nov low C = 0.6
| Dec low C = -1.4
| year low C = 3.9
| Jan record low C = −15.0
| Feb record low C = −16.0
| Mar record low C = −11.0
| Apr record low C = −7.0
| May record low C = −2.0
| Jun record low C = 0.0
| Jul record low C = 3.0
| Aug record low C = 2.0
| Sep record low C = 0.0
| Oct record low C = −6.0
| Nov record low C = −10.5
| Dec record low C = −13.0
| year record low C = −16.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 53.1
| Feb precipitation mm = 37.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 40.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 71.2
| May precipitation mm = 89.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 84.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 60.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 85.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 80.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 72.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 68.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 67.9
| year precipitation mm = 812.3
| source 1 = ACDA<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://opengis.uab.cat/wms/ACDA/index.htm 
 |title=Andorra La Vella 1971–2000 averages 
 |publisher=ACDA 
 |access-date=3 January 2016 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114053905/http://opengis.uab.cat/wms/ACDA/index.htm 
 |archive-date=14 January 2016 
}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web 
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=308
| title = Station Andorra la Vella 
| publisher = Meteo Climat 
|language = fr 
| access-date = 14 October 2016}}</ref>
| date = July 2021
| source = 
}}As a small mountainous country, Andorra is highly vulnerable to [[climate change]]. Temperatures in its high-altitude regions have risen by about 0.17&nbsp;°C per decade, while annual rainfall has decreased by 49&nbsp;mm. These shifts are impacting water resources and snow cover, which are key elements for Andorra's tourism-driven economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/andorra |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> The number of days with enough snow for [[skiing]] is declining, and the [[snow line]] is retreating to higher altitudes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=International Monetary Fund African Dept. |date=6 March 2024 |title=Climate Change in Small open Economies: The Case of Andorra |url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2024/058/article-A003-en.xml |journal=IMF Staff Country Reports |language=en |volume=2024 |issue=58 |doi=10.5089/9798400268205.002.A003 |doi-broken-date= 13 March 2025|isbn=9798400268205}}</ref>

Although its national [[greenhouse gas emissions]] are one of the lowest in the world (534 thousand tonnes emitted in 2023),<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=155 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |pmid=36991071 |issn=2052-4463|pmc=10060593 |bibcode=2023NatSD..10..155J }}</ref> Andorra has a strong climate change mitigation strategy, with a focus on [[renewable energy]] and energy efficiency. In its [[Nationally determined contribution|Nationally Determined Contribution]], Andorra has committed to reducing its emissions by 55% by 2030, and to [[carbon neutrality]] by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andorra Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/AND?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> However, the adaptation part of the strategy is still in early stages and may be difficult and costly to implement. Given the country's reliance on tourism, speeding up adaptation is essential for building a more resilient economy.<ref name=":3"/>