Editing Yale University (section)

==Administration and organization==
===Leadership===
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:280px;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | School founding
|-
| '''School''' || style="text-align: center;" | '''Year founded'''
|-
| [[Yale College]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1701
|-
| [[Yale School of Medicine]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1810
|-
| [[Yale Divinity School]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1822
|-
| [[Yale Law School]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1824
|-
| [[Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1847
|-
| [[Sheffield Scientific School]]{{efn|name="NoteA"}} || style="text-align: center;" | 1847
|-
| [[Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1852
|-
| [[Yale School of Art|Yale School of Fine Arts]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1869
|-
| [[Yale School of Music]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1894
|-
| [[Yale School of the Environment]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1900
|-
| [[Yale School of Public Health]]|| style="text-align: center;" | 1915
|-
| [[Yale School of Architecture]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1916
|-
| [[Yale School of Nursing]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1923
|-
| [[David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University]]|| style="text-align: center;" | 1955
|-
| [[Yale School of Management]] || style="text-align: center;" | 1976
|-
| [[Jackson School of Global Affairs]] || style="text-align: center;" | 2022<ref name="The Future of Jackson" />
|}
The [[President and Fellows of Yale College]], also known as the Yale Corporation, or board of trustees, is the governing body of the university and consists of thirteen standing committees with separate responsibilities outlined in the by-laws. The corporation has 19 members: three ''[[Ex officio member|ex officio]]'' members, ten successor trustees, and six elected alumni fellows.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Trustees|url=https://www.yale.edu/board-trustees|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212041451/https://www.yale.edu/board-trustees|archive-date=February 12, 2021|access-date=February 16, 2021|website=yale.edu|date=August 5, 2015|publisher=Yale University}}</ref> The university has three major academic components: Yale College (the undergraduate program), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the twelve professional schools.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Academics|url=https://www.yale.edu/academics|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212120550/https://www.yale.edu/academics|archive-date=February 12, 2021|access-date=March 1, 2021|website=yale.edu|date=July 31, 2015|publisher=Yale University}}

* {{Cite web|title=Undergraduate Study|url=https://www.yale.edu/academics/undergraduate-study|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115213519/https://www.yale.edu/academics/undergraduate-study|archive-date=January 15, 2021|access-date=March 1, 2021|website=yale.edu|date=August 3, 2015|publisher=Yale University}}
* {{Cite news|title=Graduate & Professional Study|url=https://www.yale.edu/academics/graduate-professional-study|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120023208/https://www.yale.edu/academics/graduate-professional-study|archive-date=January 20, 2021|access-date=March 1, 2021|newspaper=Yale University|date=August 3, 2015}}</ref>

Yale's former president [[Richard C. Levin]] was, at the time, one of the highest paid university presidents in the United States with a 2008 salary of {{USD|1.5 million|long=no}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last=de Vise|first=Daniel|date=November 15, 2010|title=Million-dollar college presidents on the rise|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/14/AR2010111404435.html|access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref> Yale's succeeding president Peter Salovey ranks 40th with a 2020 salary of {{USD|1.16 million|long=no}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bauman|first1=Dan|last2=Davis|first2=Tyler|last3=O'Leary|first3=Brian|date=July 17, 2020|title=Executive Compensation at Public and Private Colleges|work=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]|publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education Inc.|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/executive-compensation-at-public-and-private-colleges/?cid=at&elqTrackId=c806cf0c1e354f6da56e814816221ee1&elq=865271dad3ef43e0895afe34a1e95c8d&elqaid=17070&elqat=1&elqCampaignId=7401#id=table_private_2015|access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref>

The Yale Provost's Office and similar executive positions have launched several women into prominent university executive positions. In 1977, Provost [[Hanna Holborn Gray]] was appointed interim president of Yale and later went on to become president of the University of Chicago, being the first woman to hold either position at each respective school.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jaschik|first=Scott|date=March 20, 2018|title='An Academic Life'|work=Inside Higher Ed|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/03/20/interview-hanna-holborn-gray-her-memoir|access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Abowd|first=Mary|date=Spring 2018|title=The long view|url=https://mag.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/issues/UChicagoMag_Spring18_0.pdf|magazine=The University of Chicago Magazine|volume=110|issue=3|pages=20–21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216200958/https://mag.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/issues/UChicagoMag_Spring18_0.pdf|archive-date=February 16, 2021|access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> In 1994, Provost [[Judith Rodin]] became the first permanent female president of an Ivy League institution at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jordan|first=Mary|date=December 7, 1993|title=First Woman President Named in Ivy League |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/12/07/first-woman-president-named-in-ivy-league/81e4083d-5f47-4eec-9343-d2ff187a4949/|access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> In 2002, Provost [[Alison Richard]] became the vice-chancellor of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 4, 2002|title=Professor Alison Richard nominated as Vice-Chancellor|work=University of Cambridge |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-alison-richard-nominated-as-vice-chancellor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301031334/https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-alison-richard-nominated-as-vice-chancellor|archive-date=March 1, 2021|access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]}}</ref> In 2003, the dean of the Divinity School, [[Rebecca Chopp]], was appointed president of [[Colgate University]] and later went on to serve as the president of [[Swarthmore College]] in 2009, and then the first female chancellor of the [[University of Denver]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 17, 2018|title=University of Denver Chancellor Rebecca Chopp Named to the Board of Trustees at Olin College|url=https://www.olin.edu/news-events/2018/university-denver-chancellor-rebecca-chopp-named-the-board-trustees-olin-college/|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409111252/https://www.olin.edu/news-events/2018/university-denver-chancellor-rebecca-chopp-named-the-board-trustees-olin-college/|archive-date=April 9, 2020|access-date=February 16, 2021|website=[[Olin College of Engineering]]}}</ref> In 2004, Provost [[Susan Hockfield|Dr. Susan Hockfield]] became the president of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 26, 2004|title=Dr. Susan Hockfield selected 16th president|work=MIT News|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|url=https://news.mit.edu/2004/president-announcement|access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> In 2004, Dean of the Nursing school, Catherine Gilliss, was appointed the dean of Duke University's School of Nursing and vice chancellor for nursing affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dean Catherine L. Gilliss|url=https://nursing.ucsf.edu/about/our-organization/dean-catherine-l-gilliss|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031142317/https://nursing.ucsf.edu/about/our-organization/dean-catherine-l-gilliss|archive-date=October 31, 2020|access-date=February 16, 2021|website=[[UCSF School of Nursing]]}}</ref> In 2007, Deputy Provost [[H. Kim Bottomly]] was named president of [[Wellesley College]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 1, 2007|title=Yale scientist is new president of Wellesley College|publisher=[[Yale School of Medicine]]|url=https://medicine.yale.edu/news/medicineatyale/yale-scientist-is-new-president-of-wellesley-college/|url-status=dead|access-date=February 16, 2021|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414220507/https://medicine.yale.edu/news/medicineatyale/yale-scientist-is-new-president-of-wellesley-college/}}</ref>

Similar examples for men who have served in Yale leadership positions can also be found. In 2004, Dean of Yale College [[Richard H. Brodhead]] was appointed as the president of [[Duke University]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 28, 2016|title=President Richard Brodhead to Step Down in 2017|work=Duke Today|publisher=[[Duke University]]|url=https://today.duke.edu/2016/04/brodheadannouncement|access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> In 2008, Provost [[Andrew D. Hamilton|Andrew Hamilton]] was confirmed to be the vice chancellor of the University of Oxford.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Balakrishna|first1=Kanya|last2=Siegel|first2=Steven|date=May 11, 2007|title=Bottomly to leave for Wellesley presidency|work=[[Yale Daily News]]|publisher=Yale Daily News Publishing Company|url=https://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/21069|url-status=dead|access-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513050601/https://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/21069|archive-date=May 13, 2007}}</ref>

===Staff and labor unions===
{{See also|Federation of Hospital and University Employees}}
Yale University staff are represented by several different unions. Clerical and technical workers are represented by Local 34, and service and maintenance workers are represented by Local 35, both of the same union affiliate [[UNITE HERE]].<ref name="It's Your Yale">{{Cite web|title=Labor Unions at Yale University|website=It's Your Yale|url=https://your.yale.edu/work-yale/staff-resources/union-management-relations/labor-unions-yale-university|access-date=March 7, 2021|publisher=Yale University}}</ref> Unlike similar institutions, Yale has consistently refused to recognize its graduate student union, Local 33 (another affiliate of UNITE HERE), citing claims that the union's elections were undemocratic and how graduate students are not employees;<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Arvanitis|first1=Lorenzo|last2=Cho|first2=Serena|date=November 26, 2018|title=Breaking with peers, Yale reaffirms opposition to Local 33|work=[[Yale Daily News]]|publisher=Yale Daily News Publishing Company|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2018/11/26/breaking-with-peers-yale-reaffirms-opposition-to-local-33/|access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Noguchi|first=Yuki|date=June 16, 2017|title=At Yale, Protests Mark A Fight To Recognize Union For Grad Students|work=[[NPR]]|publisher=National Public Radio, Inc|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/06/16/532774267/at-yale-protests-mark-a-fight-to-recognize-union-for-grad-students|access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref> the move to not recognize the union has been criticized by the [[American Federation of Teachers]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 23, 2017|title=Union Leaders on Failure of Yale University to Negotiate with its Graduate Employees|url=https://aftct.org/story/union-leaders-failure-yale-university-negotiate-its-graduate-employees-0|access-date=March 7, 2021|website=aftct.org|publisher=AFT Connecticut, AFL-CIO|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411211738/https://aftct.org/story/union-leaders-failure-yale-university-negotiate-its-graduate-employees-0|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, officers of the Yale University Police Department are represented by the Yale Police Benevolent Association, which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees.<ref name="It's Your Yale" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Kahn|first=Sam|date=April 1, 2005|title=Yale Police union to join COPS|work=[[Yale Daily News]]|publisher=Yale Daily News Publishing Company|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2005/04/01/yale-police-union-to-join-cops/|url-status=live|access-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921233458/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/apr/01/yale-police-union-to-join-cops/|archive-date=September 21, 2012}}</ref> Yale security officers joined the International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in late 2010,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rosenfeld|first=Everett|date=October 14, 2010|title=Yale Security votes to unionize Thursday|work=[[Yale Daily News]]|publisher=Yale Daily News Publishing Company|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2010/oct/14/yale-security-votes-to-unionize-thursday/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016042913/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2010/oct/14/yale-security-votes-to-unionize-thursday/|archive-date=October 16, 2010}}</ref> even though the Yale administration contested the election.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rosenfeld|first=Everett|date=October 15, 2010|title=Union vote contested by Yale|work=[[Yale Daily News]]|publisher=Yale Daily News Publishing Company|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2010/10/15/union-vote-contested-by-yale/|access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref> In October 2014, after deliberation,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Lloyd-Thomas|first1=Matthew|last2=Ramilo|first2=Marek|date=September 25, 2014|title=Yale Security considers union switch|work=[[Yale Daily News]]|publisher=Yale Daily News Publishing Company|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2014/09/25/yale-security-considers-union-switch/|access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref> Yale security decided to form a new union, the Yale University Security Officers Association, which has since represented the campus security officers.<ref name="It's Your Yale" /><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bruley|first1=Sarah|last2=Siegel|first2=Rachel|date=December 2, 2014|title=Three firings in Yale Security put labor relations in focus|work=[[Yale Daily News]]|publisher=Yale Daily News Publishing Company|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2014/12/02/firings-shed-doubt-on-univ-s-treatment-of-security-union/|access-date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>

Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gilpin|first1=Toni|title=On Strike for Respect: The Clerical and Technical Workers' Strike at Yale University, 1984–85|last2=Issac|first2=Gary|last3=Letwin|first3=Dan|last4=McKivigan|first4=Jack|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|year=1994|isbn=978-0-252-06454-8|location=[[Champaign, Illinois|Champaign]]}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2021|reason=Bold claim, a page number would be appreciated.}} There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|last=Greenhouse|first=Steven|date=March 4, 2003|title=Yale's Labor Troubles Deepen as Thousands Go on Strike|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/04/nyregion/yale-s-labor-troubles-deepen-as-thousands-go-on-strike.html|access-date=March 7, 2021|issn=1553-8095}}</ref> Moreover, Yale has been accused by the [[AFL–CIO]] of failing to treat workers with respect,<ref>{{cite web|date=March 6, 2003|title=Solidarity Strong as Yale Strike Ends|url=http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/ns03062003.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706074858/http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/ns03062003.cfm|archive-date=July 6, 2011|access-date=December 4, 2011|website=aflcio.org|publisher=[[AFL–CIO]]}}</ref> as well as not renewing contracts with professors over involvement in campus labor issues.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Arenson|first=Karen W.|date=December 28, 2005|title=When Scholarship and Politics Collided at Yale|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/28/nyregion/when-scholarship-and-politics-collided-at-yale.html|access-date=March 7, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Yale has responded to strikes with claims over mediocre union participation and the benefits of their contracts.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 12, 2003|title=Office of Public Affairs at Yale – News Release|url=http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/03-09-12-02.all.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514091308/http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/03-09-12-02.all.html|archive-date=May 14, 2008|access-date=December 4, 2011|website=yale.edu|publisher=Yale University}}</ref>