Editing Xianbei (section)

==Genetics==
{{See also|Donghu people#Genetics|Rouran Khaganate#Genetics|Xiongnu#Genetics|Huns#Genetics|Pannonian Avars#Genetics|Goktürks#Genetics}}
A genetic study published in ''[[The FEBS Journal]]'' in October 2006 examined the [[mtDNA]] of 21 Tuoba Xianbei buried at the Qilang Mountain Cemetery in [[Inner Mongolia]], China. The 21 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroups [[Haplogroup O (mtDNA)|O]] (9 samples), [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]] (7 samples), [[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]] (5 samples), [[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|B]] (2 samples) and [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]].{{sfn|Yu et al.|2006|p=6244|loc=Table 1}} These haplogroups are characteristic of Northeast Asians.{{sfn|Yu et al.|2006|p=6244}} Among modern populations they were found to be most closely related to the [[Oroqen people]].{{sfn|Yu et al.|2006|p=6242, 6244–6245}}

A genetic study published in the [[Russian Journal of Genetics]] in April 2014 examined the mtDNA of 17 Tuoba Xianbei buried at the Shangdu Dongdajing cemetery in Inner Mongolia, China. The 17 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroups [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)#D4|D4]] (four samples), [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)#D5'6|D5]] (three samples), C (five samples), A (three samples), [[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G]] and B.{{sfn|Yu et al.|2014|p=310|loc=Table 2}}

A genetic study published in the ''[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]]'' in November 2007 examined 17 individuals buried at a [[Murong]] Xianbei cemetery in Lamadong, [[Liaoning]], China ca. 300 AD.{{sfn|Wang al.|2007|p=404}} They were determined to be carriers of the maternal haplogroups [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J1b1]], D (three samples), [[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|F1a]] (three samples), [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]], B, [[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|B5b]], C (three samples) and [[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G2a]].{{sfn|Wang al.|2007|p=408|loc=Table 3}} These haplogroups are common among East Asians and some Siberians. The maternal haplogroups of the Murong Xianbei were noticeably different from those of the Huns and Tuoba Xianbei.{{sfn|Wang al.|2007|p=404}}

A genetic study published in the ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' in August 2018 noted that the paternal [[Haplogroup C-M217|haplogroup C2b1a1b]] has been detected among the Xianbei and the [[Rouran]], and was probably an important lineage among the [[Donghu people]].{{sfn|Li et al.|2018|p=1}}

A full genome analysis published in November 2023 analyzed the genomic data of nine Xianbei individuals (ca. 200 CE to 300 CE), together with previous published Xianbei samples, covering almost the entire period of Xianbei as well as pre- and post-Xianbei periods, and found that the Xianbei displayed a homogenous population with nearly exclusive [[Ancient Northeast Asian]] ancestry. The authors further remark that these results are consistent with an [[Amur|Amur River region]], specifically around the [[Greater Khingan|Greater Khingan mountain range area]], origin for the ancestral Xianbei population. Early Xianbei did not display signs of admixture from surrounding groups, while later Xianbei displayed limited amounts of admixture with "late Xiongnu-[[Sarmatians|Sarmatian-like]]" and [[Han Chinese]] ("Yellow River farmer-like") groups. Later Xianbei in Northern China adopted an agricultural lifestyle and mixed with the local population, contributing to the genetic history of Northern China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cai |first1=Dawei |last2=Zheng |first2=Ying |last3=Bao |first3=Qingchuan |last4=Hu |first4=Xiaonong |last5=Chen |first5=Wenhu |last6=Zhang |first6=Fan |last7=Cao |first7=Jianen |last8=Ning |first8=Chao |date=24 November 2023 |title=Ancient DNA sheds light on the origin and migration patterns of the Xianbei confederation |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01899-x |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |language=en |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=194 |doi=10.1007/s12520-023-01899-x |bibcode=2023ArAnS..15..194C |s2cid=265381985 |issn=1866-9565}}</ref>

A 2024 study on Xianbei remains, including the remains of [[Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou]], found them to be derived primarily from [[Ancient Northeast Asian|Ancient Northeast Asians]] at c. 62–96%, with a lower amount of admixture from Neolithic 'Yellow River farmers' (associated with [[Han Chinese]]) at c. 4–32%. [[Western Steppe Herders|Western Steppe Herder]] ancestry was only found at low amounts or absent entirely among the different Xianbei remains (average at c. 2–7%). The analysed Xianbei remains display their closest genetic affinities to ancient [[Khitan people|Khitan]] and [[Mohe people]], as well as modern-day [[Mongolic peoples]]. The amount of Ancient Northeast Asian and Yellow River farmer ancestries varied depending on geographic location, suggesting a form of heterogeneity among the ancient Xianbei. In contrast to the Xianbei, the early [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ruling class, the [[Ashina tribe]], was found to be nearly entirely derived from Ancient Northeast Asians without significant Yellow River ancestry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Du |first1=Panxin |last2=Zhu |first2=Kongyang |last3=Qiao |first3=Hui |last4=Zhang |first4=Jianlin |last5=Meng |first5=Hailiang |last6=Huang |first6=Zixiao |last7=Yu |first7=Yao |last8=Xie |first8=Shouhua |last9=Allen |first9=Edward |last10=Xiong |first10=Jianxue |last11=Zhang |first11=Baoshuai |last12=Chang |first12=Xin |last13=Ren |first13=Xiaoying |last14=Xu |first14=Yiran |last15=Zhou |first15=Qi |date=March 2024 |title=Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059 |journal=Current Biology |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=1587–1595.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.059 |pmid=38552628 |bibcode=2024CBio...34E1587D |issn=0960-9822}}</ref>
{{Panorama
|image      = File:Tomb of Northern Qi Dynasty in Jiuyuangang, Xinzhou, Mural 01 large.jpg
|height     = 250
|caption    = [[Northern Qi]] hunting scene
}}
{{Panorama
|image      = File:Tomb of Northern Qi Dynasty in Jiuyuangang, Xinzhou, Mural 02 large.jpg
|height     = 250
|caption    = [[Northern Qi]] hunting scene
}}