Editing Washington Monument (section)

===Memorial stones===
[[File:Washington Monument Deseret Stone in 2000.jpg|thumb|upright=1|alt=Photo of the Washington Monument Memorial Stone from Utah (State of Deseret)|Memorial stone from [[Utah]], representing the former provisional [[State of Deseret]]]]
States, cities, foreign countries, benevolent societies, other organizations, and individuals have contributed 194 memorial stones, all inserted into the east and west interior walls above stair landings or levels for easy viewing, except one on the south interior wall between stairs that is difficult to view. The sources disagree on the number of stones for two reasons: whether one or both "height stones" are included, and stones not yet on display at the time of a source's publication cannot be included. The "height stones" refer to two stones that indicate height: during the first phase of construction a stone with an inscription that includes the phrase "from the foundation to this height 100 feet" ({{convert|100|ft|m|disp=out}}) was installed just below the {{convert|80–90|foot|m|adj=on}} stairway and high above the {{convert|60–70|foot|m|adj=on}} stairway;<ref name=HABSdrawings/>{{rp|sheet 25}}<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|52}} during the second phase of construction a stone with a horizontal line and the phrase "top of statue on Capitol" was installed on the {{convert|330|foot|m|adj=on}} level.<ref name=HABSdrawings/>{{rp|sheet 30}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.dc0261/photos.027296p|title=Inscription at level 330 – Washington Monument, High ground West of Fifteenth Street, Northwest, between Independence & Constitution Avenues, Washington, District of Columbia, DC|work=loc.gov|year=1994}}</ref>

The ''Historic Structure Report'' (HSR, 2004) named 194 "memorial stones" by level, including both height stones.<ref name=HSR/>{{rp|4{{hyphen}}17{{ndash}}4{{hyphen}}20, 5{{hyphen}}6, "194" on 4{{hyphen}}17 <!-- each hyphenated page is one page, not a range, because book uses page within chapter numbering -->}} Jacob (2005) described in detail and pictured 193 "commemorative stones", including the {{convert|100|foot|m}} stone but not the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] stone.<ref name=Jacob>Judith M. Jacob, [http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/wamo/stones.pdf ''The Washington Monument: A technical history and catalog of the commemorative stones''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620120555/http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/wamo/stones.pdf |date=June 20, 2015 }}, 2005.</ref>{{rp|"193" on 1}} The ''Historic American Buildings Survey'' (HABS, 1994) showed the location of 193 "memorial stones" but did not describe or name any. HABS showed both height stones but did not show one stone not yet installed in 1994.<ref name=HABSdrawings/>{{rp|sheets 22–25, 28–30}} <!-- HABS text 13 has 198, apparent misprint for 193 --> Olszewski (1971) named 190 "memorial stones" by level, including the Capitol stone but not the 100-foot stone. Olszewski did not include three stones not yet installed in 1971.<ref name=Olszewski/>{{rp|chp 6, app D, "190" in chp 6}}

Of 194 stones, 94 are marble, 40 are granite, 29 are limestone, 8 are sandstone, with 23 miscellaneous types, including stones with two types of material and those whose materials are not identified.{{efn-ua |Material of the memorial stones is that named as "original material" by Judith Jacob, regardless of the material given in her "documentation" for the same stone. Some stones have small amounts of black paint, gold or silver within their letters. Six memorial stones are composed of significant amounts of two types of material each, the first stone and the second stone, lead or bronze. The material of seven memorial stones is not identified, including that of the Capitol stone.<ref name=Jacob/>}} Unusual materials include [[native copper]] ([[Michigan]]),<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|147}} [[catlinite|pipestone]] ([[Minnesota]]),<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|153}} [[petrified wood]] ([[Arizona]]),<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|213}} and [[jadeite]] ([[Alaska]]).<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|220}}  The stones vary in size from about {{convert|1.5|ft|m}} square ([[Carthage]]){{efn-ua | The Carthage stone was the last memorial stone installed in the monument, in 2000.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/nama/learn/news/upload/October-10.pdf "The Washington Monument's Inner Jewels"], nps.gov</ref> <!-- end of efn-ua --> }} to about {{convert|6|x|8|ft|m}} ([[Philadelphia]] and New York City).<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|3, 90, 124, 218}}

[[Utah]] contributed one stone as a territory and another as a state, both with inscriptions that include its pre-territorial name, [[State of Deseret|Deseret]], both located on the {{convert|220|foot|m|adj=on}} level.<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|154–155}}

A stone at the {{convert|240|foot|m|adj=on}} level of the monument is inscribed in {{langx|cy|Fy Iaith, Fy Ngwlad, Fy Nghenedl, Cymry am byth}} (My Language, My Country, My Nation, Welsh forever). The stone, imported from Wales, was donated by Welsh citizens of [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|170}}<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cXgOAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Fy+iaith%22&pg=RA1-PA139 The Cambrian]'', vol. XVII, p. 139. 1897.</ref> Two other stones were presented by the Sunday Schools of the [[Methodist Episcopal]] Church in New York and the Sabbath School children of the Methodist Episcopal Church in [[Philadelphia]]—the former quotes from  the Bible verse Proverbs 10:7, "The memory of the just is blessed".<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|190, 192}}

[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Mejid I]] donated $30,000 toward the construction of the Washington monument. The Sultans' donation was the largest single donation toward the building of the Washington Monument. The Sultan's intention was to bridge peace between the Ottomans and the Americans. The stone containing the [[Ottoman Turkish|Turkish]] inscriptions commemorating this event is on the {{convert|190|foot|m|adj=on}} level. The abbreviated translation of the inscriptions states, "So as to strengthen the friendship between the two countries. Abdul-Mejid Kahn has also had his name written on the monument to Washington."<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|128}} It combines the works of two eminent [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphers]]: an imperial ''[[tughra]]'' by [[Mustafa Râkim|Mustafa Rakım]]'s student Haşim Efendi, and an inscription in ''jalī ta'līq'' script by [[Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi]], the calligrapher who wrote the giant medallions at [[Hagia Sophia]] in [[Istanbul]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110119073113/http://calligrapher.wordpress.com/2007/04/06/kadiasker-mustafa-izzet-efendi-1801-%E2%80%93-1876-2/ Kadiasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi (1801–1876)] ''Journal of Ottoman Calligraphy''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mristanblue.wordpress.com/2010/04/23/sister-monuments-hagia-sophia-and-washington-monument/|title=Sister Monuments: Hagia Sophia and Washington Monument|work=(not to be) Missed Turkey & Istanbul Sites and Facts|date=April 23, 2010}}</ref>

One stone was donated by the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] and brought back by Commodore [[Matthew C. Perry]],<ref>Kerr, George H. ''Okinawa: The History of an Island People''. (revised ed.) Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing, 2003. p337n.</ref> but never arrived in Washington (it was replaced in 1989).<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|210}}
Many of the stones donated for the monument carried inscriptions that did not commemorate George Washington. For example, one from the [[Templars of Honor and Temperance]] stated "We will not make, buy, sell, or use as a beverage, any spiritous or malt liquors, Wine, Cider, or any other Alcoholic Liquor."<ref name=Jacob/>{{rp|140}} (George Washington himself had owned a whiskey distillery which operated at [[Mount Vernon]] after he left the presidency.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferling |first1=John E. |title=The First of Men: A Life of George Washington |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0199742278 |page=488 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6NoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA488|access-date=August 22, 2015}}</ref>)