Editing Typewriter (section)

==== Early electric models ====
Some electric typewriters were patented in the 19th century, but the first machine known to be produced in series is the Cahill of 1900.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bert Kerschbaumer, "The Cahill Electrical Typewriters," ETCetera No. 100 (December 2012) |url=http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC100.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730133043/http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC100.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-30}}</ref>

Another electric typewriter was produced by the [[Blickensderfer typewriter|Blickensderfer Manufacturing Company]], of [[Stamford, Connecticut]], in 1902. Like the manual Blickensderfer typewriters, it used a cylindrical typewheel rather than individual typebars. The machine was produced in several variants but apparently not a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite web |title=P. Robert Aubert, "The Last Service Call," ETCetera No. 33(December 1995) |url=http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC033.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730133642/http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC033.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-30}}</ref> having come to market ahead of its time, before ubiquitous [[electrification]].

The next step in the development of the electric typewriter came in 1910, when Charles and Howard Krum filed a patent for the first practical [[teleprinter|teletypewriter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Patent 1,286,351 filed in May, 1910, and issued in December, 1918 |url=http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01286351&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D1286351.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F1286351%2526RS%3DPN%2F1286351&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225235913/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01286351&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D1286351.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F1286351%2526RS%3DPN%2F1286351&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page |archive-date=2016-12-25 |access-date=2011-09-16}}</ref> The Krums' machine, named the Morkrum Printing Telegraph, used a typewheel rather than individual typebars.  This machine was used for the first commercial teletypewriter system on Postal Telegraph Company lines between [[Boston]] and New York City in 1910.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Colin Hempstead, William E. Worthington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wkIlnNjDWcC&pg=PA605 |title=Encyclopedia of 20th Century Technology |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57958-464-1 |page=605}}</ref>

[[James Fields Smathers]] of Kansas City invented what is considered the first practical power-operated typewriter in 1914. In 1920, after returning from Army service, he produced a successful model and in 1923 turned it over to the Northeast Electric Company of Rochester for development. Northeast was interested in finding new markets for their electric motors and developed Smathers's design so that it could be marketed to typewriter manufacturers, and from 1925 Remington Electric typewriters were produced powered by Northeast's motors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-01-23 |title=The history of IBM electric typewriters |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120182250/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_history.html |archive-date=2023-11-20 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=IBM Archives |language=en-US}}</ref>

After some 2,500 electric typewriters had been produced, Northeast asked Remington for a firm contract for the next batch. However, Remington was engaged in merger talks, which would eventually result in the creation of [[Remington Rand]] and no executives were willing to commit to a firm order. Northeast instead decided to enter the typewriter business for itself, and in 1929 produced the first Electromatic Typewriter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Electromatic Typewriter |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1155510 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=National Museum of American History |language=en}}</ref>

In 1928, [[Delco Electronics|Delco]], a division of [[General Motors]], purchased Northeast Electric, and the typewriter business was spun off as Electromatic Typewriters, Inc. In 1933, Electromatic was acquired by [[IBM]], which then spent [[United States dollar|$]]1&nbsp;million on a redesign of the Electromatic Typewriter, launching the IBM Electric Typewriter Model 01.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2003 |title=IBM Electric Typewriter Model 01 |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV2240.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526135454/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV2240.html |archive-date=2013-05-26 |access-date=2013-09-12 |publisher=03.ibm.com}}</ref>

In 1931, an electric typewriter was introduced by Varityper Corporation. It was called the [[Varityper]], because a narrow cylinder-like wheel could be replaced to change the [[typeface]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1931 |title=Changing the Type of Typewriter Made Easy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=-PA83 |url-status=live |journal=[[Popular Mechanics]] |page=83 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626060339/https://books.google.com/books?id=4OIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=-PA83 |archive-date=2018-06-26}}</ref>

In 1941, IBM announced the Electromatic Model 04 electric typewriter, featuring the revolutionary concept of proportional spacing. By assigning varied rather than uniform spacing to different sized characters, the Type 4 recreated the appearance of a typeset page, an effect that was further enhanced by including the 1937 innovation of carbon-film ribbons that produced clearer, sharper words on the page.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2003 |title=IBM Typewriter Milestones |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_milestone.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627172904/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_milestone.html |archive-date=2017-06-27 |publisher=IBM Archives}}</ref>