Editing Tourism (section)

== Modern day tourism ==

=== Mass tourism ===
[[File:Barceloneta 2007.jpg|thumb|Tourists at the Mediterranean Coast of [[Barcelona]] 2007]]
Mass tourism and its [[tourist attraction]]s have emerged as among the most iconic demonstration of western consumer societies.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Cultures of Mass Tourism: Doing the Mediterranean in the Age of Banal Mobilities | editor1 = Pau Obrador Pons | editor2= Mike Crang | editor3= Penny Travlou  |year = 2016 |publisher = Taylor & Francis |page = 2 |isbn = 9781317155652 }}</ref> Academics have defined mass tourism as travel by groups on pre-scheduled tours, usually under the organization of tourism professionals. This form of tourism developed during the second half of the 19th century in the [[United Kingdom]] and was pioneered by [[Thomas Cook]]. Cook took advantage of Europe's rapidly expanding railway network and established a company that offered affordable [[day trip]] excursions to [[commoners|the masses]], in addition to longer holidays to Continental Europe, India, Asia and the Western Hemisphere which attracted wealthier customers. By the 1890s over 20,000 tourists per year used [[Thomas Cook & Son]].

The relationship between tourism companies, transportation operators and hotels is a central feature of mass tourism. Cook was able to offer prices that were below the publicly advertised price because his company purchased large numbers of tickets from railroads. One contemporary form of mass tourism, [[package tour]]ism, still incorporates the partnership between these three groups.

Travel developed during the early 20th century and was facilitated by the development of the automobiles and later by airplanes.
Improvements in transport allowed many people to travel quickly to places of leisure interest so that more people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.

In [[Continental Europe]], early [[seaside resort]]s included: [[Heiligendamm]], founded in 1793 at the [[Baltic Sea]], being the first seaside resort; [[Ostend]], popularized by the people of [[Brussels]]; [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] and [[Deauville]] for the [[Paris]]ians; [[Taormina]] in [[Sicily]]. In the [[United States]], the first seaside resorts in the European style were at [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]] and [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]].

By the mid-20th century, the Mediterranean Coast became the principal mass tourism destination. The 1960s and 1970s saw mass tourism play a major role in the [[Spanish miracle#Mass tourism and emigration|Spanish economic "miracle"]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism and Dictatorship Europe's Peaceful Invasion of Franco's Spain|date=2006|author=S. Pack|isbn=9780230601161|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|page=141}}</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, scientists discussed negative socio-cultural impacts of tourism on host communities. Since the 1980s the positive aspects of tourism began to be recognized as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Putova |first=Barbora |date=2018 |title=Anthropology of Tourism: Researching Interactions between Hosts and Guests |url=https://sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/cjot/7/1/article-p71.pdf |journal=Czech Journal of Tourism |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=71–92|doi=10.1515/cjot-2018-0004 |s2cid=159280794 }}</ref>

In more recent times, mass tourism is something which has become a negative experience for local residents of cities and destinations that experience heavy tourism, especially in summer months. In July 2024 for example, protests by local residents in Barcelona, Spain were held in the city, where ″thousands of people joined an anti-tourism protest amid rising housing costs.″<ref name="Protesting About Mass Tourism">{{cite news |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title='Tourists go home': Why Barcelona residents sprayed water on visitors |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/9/why-are-barcelona-residents-protesting-against-tourists |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

===Niche tourism===
{{main list|List of adjectival tourisms}}
[[File:Cristo Rei (36211699613).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Christ the King (Almada)|Sanctuary of Christ the King]], in [[Almada]], has become one of the places most visited for religious tourism.]]

Niche tourism refers to the specialty forms of tourism that have emerged over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these terms have come into common use by the tourism industry and academics.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lew|first=Alan A.|title=Long Tail Tourism: New geographies for marketing niche tourism products|journal=Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing|year=2008|volume=25|issue=3–4|pages=409–19|doi=10.1080/10548400802508515|url=http://www.geog.nau.edu/publications/Long-Tail-Tourism-Lew.pdf|access-date=22 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614084130/http://www.geog.nau.edu/publications/Long-Tail-Tourism-Lew.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2010|citeseerx=10.1.1.467.6320|s2cid=16085592}}</ref> Others are emerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usage. Examples of the more common niche tourism markets are:
{{colbegin}}
* [[Agritourism]]
* [[Birth tourism]]
* Coastal island tourism 
* [[Culinary tourism]]
* [[Cultural tourism]]
* [[Dark tourism]] (also called "black tourism" or "grief tourism")
* [[Eco tourism]]
* [[Extreme tourism]]
* [[Film tourism]]
* [[Geotourism]]
* [[Heritage tourism]]
* [[LGBT tourism]]
* [[Medical tourism]]
* [[Nautical tourism]]
* [[Pop-culture tourism]]
* [[Religious tourism]]
* [[Sex tourism]]
* [[Slum tourism]]
* [[Sports tourism]]
* [[List of tallest buildings|Tallest buildings]] tourism
* Trains tourism (e.g., steam and model railways)
* [[Virtual tourism]]
* [[War tourism]]
* [[Wellness tourism]]
* [[Wildlife tourism]]

{{colend}}

Other terms used for niche or specialty travel forms include the term "destination" in the descriptions, such as [[destination wedding]]s, and terms such as [[location vacation]].

===Winter tourism===
{{See also|List of ski areas and resorts|Winter sport}}
[[File:Arctic circle santa village.jpg|thumb|The [[Santa Claus Village]] at the [[Arctic Circle]] in [[Rovaniemi]], Finland is one of the significant tourist places in the Northern Europe.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.discoveringfinland.com/finnish-lapland/rovaniemi/| title = Rovaniemi Lapland Holidays – Discovering Finland}}</ref>]]

[[St. Moritz]], [[Switzerland]] became the cradle of the developing winter tourism in the 1860s: hotel manager Johannes Badrutt invited some summer guests from England to return in the winter to see the snowy landscape, thereby inaugurating a popular trend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stmoritz.ch/en/winter/village/spirit-history/birthplace-of-winter-tourism.html|title=Birthplace of winter tourism|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017122131/http://www.stmoritz.ch/en/winter/village/spirit-history/birthplace-of-winter-tourism.html|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Early Winter Tourism|url=http://www.kulmhotel-stmoritz.ch/en/portrait/tradition-history/early-winter-tourism.html|work=Tradition & History|publisher=Kulm Hotel|access-date=23 December 2011|location=[[St. Moritz]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230025/http://www.kulmhotel-stmoritz.ch/en/portrait/tradition-history/early-winter-tourism.html|archive-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> It was, however, only in the 1970s when winter tourism took over the lead from summer tourism in many of the Swiss ski resorts. Even in winter, up to one third of all guests (depending on the location) consist of non-skiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.graubuenden.ch/winter-walking-switzerland.html |title=Winter hiking in Switzerland-Graubünden |publisher=graubuenden.ch |access-date=23 December 2011 |archive-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129055539/http://en.graubuenden.ch/winter-walking-switzerland.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Major [[ski resort]]s are located mostly in the various European countries (e.g. [[Andorra]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Cyprus]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[Norway]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[List of ski areas and resorts in Europe#Poland|Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Sweden]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[Turkey]]), [[Canada]], the [[United States]] (e.g. Montana, Utah, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York) [[Argentina]], [[New Zealand]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Chile]], and [[Lebanon]].