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====Urban environment and egalitarianism==== {{See also|Greater Magadha}} The rise of Buddhism coincided with the [[Second Urbanisation]], in which the Ganges Basin was settled and cities grew, in which [[egalitarianism]] prevailed. According to Thapar, the Buddha's teachings were "also a response to the historical changes of the time, among which were the emergence of the state and the growth of urban centres".{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=169}} While the Buddhist mendicants renounced society, they lived close to the villages and cities, depending for alms-givings on lay supporters.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=169}} According to Dyson, the Ganges basin was settled from the north-west and the south-east, as well as from within, "[coming] together in what is now [[Bihar]] (the location of [[Pataliputra]])".{{sfn|Dyson|2019}} The Ganges basin was densely forested, and the population grew when new areas were deforestated and cultivated.{{sfn|Dyson|2019}} The society of the middle Ganges basin lay on "the outer fringe of Aryan cultural influence",{{sfn|Ludden|1985}} and differed significantly from the [[Aryavarta|Aryan society]] of the western Ganges basin.{{sfn|Stein|Arnold|2012|p=62}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=1}} According to Stein and Burton, "[t]he gods of the brahmanical sacrificial cult were not rejected so much as ignored by Buddhists and their contemporaries."{{sfn|Stein|Arnold|2012|p=62}} Jainism and Buddhism opposed the social stratification of Brahmanism, and their egalitarism prevailed in the cities of the middle Ganges basin.{{sfn|Ludden|1985}} This "allowed Jains and Buddhists to engage in trade more easily than Brahmans, who were forced to follow strict caste prohibitions."{{sfn|Fogelin|2015|p=74}}
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