Editing Texas Revolution (section)

==Aftermath==

===Military===
When Mexican authorities received word of Santa Anna's defeat at San Jacinto, flags across the country were lowered to half staff and draped in mourning.<ref name=henderson103>Henderson (2008), p. 103.</ref> Denouncing any agreements signed by Santa Anna, a prisoner of war, the Mexican authorities refused to recognize the Republic of Texas.<ref name=davis288/> Filisola was derided for leading the retreat and quickly replaced by Urrea. Within months, Urrea gathered 6,000 troops in Matamoros, poised to reconquer Texas. However, the renewed Mexican invasion of Texas never materialized as Urrea's army was redirected to address continued federalist rebellions in other state regions in Mexico.<ref name=davis289>Davis (2006), p. 289.</ref>

Most in Texas assumed the Mexican army would return quickly.<ref name=lack201/> So many American volunteers flocked to the Texian army in the months after the victory at San Jacinto that the Texian government was unable to maintain an accurate list of enlistments.<ref name=davis291>Davis (2006), p. 291.</ref> Out of caution, Béxar remained under martial law throughout 1836. Rusk ordered that all ''Tejanos'' in the area between the Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers migrate either to east Texas or to Mexico.<ref name=lack201>Lack (1992), p. 201.</ref>  Some residents who refused to comply were forcibly removed. New Anglo settlers moved in and used threats and legal maneuvering to take over the land once settled by ''Tejanos''.<ref name=davis288>Davis (2006), p. 288.</ref><ref name=lack206>Lack (1992), p. 206.</ref> Over the next several years, hundreds of ''Tejano'' families resettled in Mexico.<ref name=davis288/>

For years, Mexican authorities used the reconquering of Texas as an excuse for implementing new taxes and making the army the budgetary priority of the impoverished nation.<ref name=vazquez315/> Only sporadic skirmishes resulted.<ref name=henderson125>Henderson (2008), p. 125.</ref> Larger expeditions were postponed as military funding was consistently diverted to other rebellions, out of fear that those regions would ally with Texas and further fragment the country.<ref name=vazquez315>Vazquez (1985), p. 315.</ref><ref group=Note>New Mexico, Sonora, and California revolted unsuccessfully; their stated goals were a change in government, not independence. Henderson (2008), p. 100. Vazquez (1985), p. 318.</ref> The northern Mexican states, the focus of the Matamoros Expedition, briefly launched an independent [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] in 1839.<ref name=reid169>Reid (2007), p. 169.</ref> The same year, the Mexican Congress considered a law to declare it treasonous to speak positively of Texas.<ref name=henderson123>Henderson (2008), p. 123.</ref> In June 1843, leaders of the two nations declared an armistice.<ref name=henderson127>Henderson (2008), p. 127.</ref>

===Republic of Texas===
[[File:Wpdms republic of texas.svg|thumb|right|alt=The land comprising Mexican Texas, between the Red, Sabine, and Nueces Rivers, is shaded yellow. The land between this boundary and the Rio Grande on the south and the Arkansas River on the north is shaded green and marked as "claimed territory". |The Republic of Texas, including the disputed territory]]
On June 1, 1836, Santa Anna boarded a ship to travel back to Mexico. For the next two days, crowds of Texian soldiers, many of whom had arrived that week from the United States, gathered to demand his execution. Lamar, by now promoted to Secretary of War, gave a speech insisting that "Mobs must not intimidate the government. We want no [[French Revolution]] in Texas!", but on June 4 soldiers seized Santa Anna and put him under military arrest.<ref name=lack104>Lack (1992), p. 104.</ref> According to Lack, "the shock of having its foreign policy overturned by popular rebellion had weakened the interim government irrevocably".<ref name=lackl105>Lack (1992), p. 105.</ref>  A group of soldiers staged an unsuccessful coup in mid-July.<ref name=lack106>Lack (1992), p. 106.</ref>  In response, Burnet called for elections to ratify the constitution and elect a Congress,<ref name=lack107>Lack (1992), p. 107.</ref> the sixth set of leaders for Texas in a 12-month period.<ref name=lack256>Lack (1992), p. 256.</ref>  Voters overwhelmingly chose Houston the first [[President of the Republic of Texas|president]], ratified the constitution drawn up by the Convention of 1836, and approved a resolution to request annexation to the United States.<ref name=davis295>Davis (2006), p. 295.</ref> Houston issued an executive order sending Santa Anna to [[Washington, D.C.]], and from there he was soon sent home.<ref name=davis301>Davis (2006), p. 301.</ref>

During his absence, Santa Anna had been deposed. Upon his arrival, the Mexican press wasted no time in attacking him for his cruelty towards those prisoners executed at Goliad. In May 1837, Santa Anna requested an inquiry into the event.<ref name=vazquez316>Vazquez (1985), p. 316.</ref>  The judge determined the inquiry was only for fact-finding and took no action; press attacks in both Mexico and the United States continued.<ref name=vazquez317>Vazquez (1985), p. 317.</ref>  Santa Anna was disgraced until the following year, when he became a hero of the [[Pastry War]].<ref name=henderson116>Henderson (2008), p. 116.</ref>

The first Texas Legislature declined to ratify the treaty Houston had signed with the Cherokee, declaring he had no authority to make any promises.<ref name=Haley107and108/> Although the Texian interim governments had vowed to eventually compensate citizens for goods that were impressed during the war efforts, for the most part livestock and horses were not returned.<ref name=lack232>Lack (1992), p. 232.</ref>  Veterans were guaranteed land bounties; in 1879, surviving Texian veterans who served more than three months from October 1, 1835, through January 1, 1837, were guaranteed an additional {{convert|1280|acre|ha}} in public lands.<ref name=miller343>Miller (1961), p. 343.</ref>  Over {{convert|1.3|e6acre|e3ha|abbr=unit}} of land were granted; some of this was in [[Greer County, Oklahoma|Greer County]], which was later determined to be part of [[Oklahoma]].<ref name=miller344and6>Miller (1961), pp. 344, 346.</ref>

Republic of Texas policies changed the status of many living in the region. The constitution forbade free blacks from living in Texas permanently. Individual slaves could only be freed by congressional order, and the newly emancipated person would then be forced to leave Texas.<ref name=lackslaves>Lack (1992), pp. 250–251.</ref>  Women also lost significant legal rights under the new constitution, which substituted English common law practices for the traditional Spanish law system. Under common law, the idea of [[community property]] was eliminated, and women no longer had the ability to act for themselves legally – to sign contracts, own property, or sue. Some of these rights were restored in 1845, when Texas added them to the new state constitution.<ref name=stuntz56>Stuntz (2012), p. 56.</ref> During the Republic of Texas years, ''Tejanos'' likewise faced much discrimination.<ref name=hardin250>Hardin (1994), p. 250.</ref>

===Foreign relations===

Mexican authorities blamed the loss of Texas on United States intervention.<ref name="henderson103"/>  Although the United States remained officially neutral,<ref name=hardin177>Hardin (1994), p. 177.</ref> 40 percent of the men who enlisted in the Texian army from October 1 through April 21 arrived from the United States after hostilities began.<ref name=lack132>Lack (1992), p. 132.</ref>  More than 200 of the volunteers were members of the [[United States Army]]; none were punished when they returned to their posts.<ref name=hardin177/> American individuals also provided supplies and money to the cause of Texian independence.<ref name=lack254>Lack (1992), p. 254.</ref>  For the next decade, Mexican politicians frequently denounced the United States for the involvement of its citizens.<ref name=henderson114>Henderson (2008), p. 114.</ref>

The United States agreed to recognize the Republic of Texas in March 1837 but declined to annex the territory.<ref name=henderson121>Henderson (2008), p. 121.</ref>  The fledgling republic now attempted to persuade European nations to agree to recognition.<ref name=barker185>Barker (1967), p. 185.</ref> In late 1839 France recognized the Republic of Texas after being convinced it would make a fine trading partner.<ref name=barker187>Barker (1967), p. 187.</ref>

For several decades, official British policy was to maintain strong ties with Mexico in the hopes that the country could stop the United States from expanding further.<ref name=reid10>Reid (2007), p. 10.</ref>  When the Texas Revolution erupted, Great Britain had declined to become involved, officially expressing confidence that Mexico could handle its own affairs.<ref name=reid76>Reid (2007), p. 76.</ref>  In 1840, after years in which the Republic of Texas was neither annexed by the United States nor reabsorbed into Mexico, Britain signed a treaty to recognize the nation and act as a mediator to help Texas gain recognition from Mexico.<ref name=reid157>Reid (2007), p. 157.</ref>

The United States voted to [[annexation of Texas|annex Texas]] as the 28th state in March 1845.<ref name=Henderson139>Henderson (2008), p. 139.</ref>  Two months later, Mexico agreed to recognize the Republic of Texas as long as there was no annexation to the United States.<ref name=Henderson146>Henderson (2008), p. 146.</ref>  On July 4, 1845, Texians voted for annexation.<ref name=henderson147>Henderson (2008), p. 147.</ref>  This prompted the [[Mexican–American War]], in which Mexico lost almost 55 percent of its territory to the United States and formally relinquished its claim on Texas.<ref name=henderson177>Henderson (2008), p. 177.</ref>