Editing Tammany Hall (section)

=== Criminal issues ===
Tammany had close ties to street gangs throughout the 19th Century, who provided services to Tammany on Election Day in return for legal protection the rest of the year.<ref name="Stolberg">{{cite book |last1=Stolberg |first1=Mary M. |title=Fighting Organized Crime: Politics, Justice, and the Legacy of Thomas E. Dewey |date=1995 |publisher=Northeastern University Press |location=Boston |isbn=1555532454}} pp. 10-11</ref> Those relations largely collapsed with the rise of newer crime organizations that flourished during Prohibition; Tammany came to depend on figures such as [[Arnold Rothstein]] to maintain some measure of control, however limited, over them.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=National Affairs: Tammany Test |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732626,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=July 8, 1929 |access-date=July 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105175953/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732626,00.html |archive-date=January 5, 2012 }}</ref> Rothstein's murder in 1928 weakened Tammany; it also contributed to the election of Fiorello La Guardia in 1933 and the appointment of [[Thomas E. Dewey]] as Special Prosecutor, appointed by Governor [[Herbert H. Lehman]], in 1935. Dewey obtained the conviction of powerful mobster and strong Tammany ally [[Lucky Luciano]] on racketeering charges in 1936. Luciano was sentenced to 30 to 50 years.<ref name="tammob">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/8.html|title=truTV – Reality TV – Comedy}}</ref> While Luciano was still able to maintain control of the powerful [[Genovese crime family|Luciano crime family]] from prison until his sentence was commuted to deportation to Italy in 1946,<ref name="frankcost" /> his conviction gave Dewey the prestige required to continue prosecution of organized crime figures and their political allies, particularly in Tammany Hall. In 1939, Dewey, now [[New York County District Attorney|Manhattan District Attorney]], prosecuted longtime Tammany Hall boss [[James Joseph Hines|Jimmy Hines]] on bribery charges.<ref name="google/books=YU8EAAAAMBAJ">{{cite magazine |title=Jimmy Hines Trial |magazine=Life |date=29 August 1938 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YU8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=hines&pg=PA9 |access-date=11 October 2022  |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamboo" /> Hines was convicted and sentenced to 4 to 8 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/5/resources/4512 |title=Hines, James J.: Newspaper Clippings from the Trials, 1938–1940
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716194217/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00151 |archive-date=July 16, 2010|website= [[Harvard Law School]] Library | id= HOLLIS4380869 }}{{pb}}{{cite court 
|litigants=	The People of the State of New York v. James J. Hines
|vol=284
|reporter=N.Y. 93
|opinion=258
|pinpoint=466
|court=App. Div.
|date=1939
}}</ref> The loss of Hines would serve as a major blow to Tammany, as he had given the political machine strong ties to the city's powerful organized crime figures since the 1920s.<ref name="tammob" /> Several Tammany Hall officials affiliated with Hines and Luciano were also successfully prosecuted by Dewey.<ref name="tammob" />

In 1943, Manhattan District Attorney [[Frank Hogan]] provided a transcript of a recorded phone message between [[Frank Costello]] and Judge Thomas A. Aurelio, a Tammany associate running for the state Supreme Court—the trial-level court within New York's judicial system—on both the Republican and Democratic tickets, in which Aurelio pledged his undying loyalty to Costello.<ref>Allen p. 258</ref> When Costello was called as a witness in Aurelio's disbarment proceedings he freely admitted that he had used his influence to make [[Michael J. Kennedy (politician)|Michael Kennedy]] the new head of Tammany and to secure Aurelio's nomination.<ref name="Maeder">{{cite news |last1=Maeder |first1=Jay |title=Tammany Hall scandal: Crime boss Frank Costello and the judge |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/tammany-hall-scandal-crime-boss-frank-costello-judge-article-1.788925 |access-date=July 17, 2022 |work=New York Daily News |date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> While Aurelio avoided disbarment and even won reelection to his position on the bench, Kennedy resigned his position within Tammany in January 1944.<ref name="Maeder" /> Costello and Tammany went on to help elect former [[Brooklyn District Attorney]] [[William O'Dwyer]] to the mayorship in 1945.<ref name="Maeder" /> O'Dwyer was reelected in 1949, then resigned the following year due to a bribery scandal that implicated both O'Dwyer and Costello and that led to the resignations of hundreds of police officers accused of protecting gambling operations and the replacement of all 336 members of the [[New York City Police Department]]'s [[Plainclothes law enforcement|plainclothes]] division.<ref name="Samuels">{{cite journal |last1=Samuels |first1=David |title=The Mayor and the Mob |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=October 2019 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/mayor-william-odwyer-new-york-city-mob-180973078/ |access-date=July 17, 2022}}</ref>