Editing T cell (section)

====Mucosal associated invariant T cells====
{{main|Mucosal associated invariant T cell}}
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells display [[Innate immune system|innate]], effector-like qualities.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal|vauthors = Napier RJ, Adams EJ, Gold MC, Lewinsohn DM|title = The Role of Mucosal Associated Invariant T Cells in Antimicrobial Immunity|journal = Frontiers in Immunology|volume = 6|pages = 344|date = 2015-07-06|pmid = 26217338|pmc = 4492155|doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00344|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Gold MC, Lewinsohn DM|title = Mucosal associated invariant T cells and the immune response to infection|journal = Microbes and Infection|volume = 13|issue = 8–9|pages = 742–8|date = August 2011|pmid = 21458588|pmc = 3130845|doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.03.007}}</ref> In humans, MAIT cells are found in the blood, liver, lungs, and [[Mucous membrane|mucosa]], defending against microbial activity and infection.<ref name=":02"/> The [[MHC class I]]-like protein, [[MR1 (gene)|MR1]], is responsible for presenting bacterially-produced [[B vitamins|vitamin B]] metabolites to MAIT cells.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal|vauthors = Eckle SB, Corbett AJ, Keller AN, Chen Z, Godfrey DI, Liu L, Mak JY, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J|title = Recognition of Vitamin B Precursors and Byproducts by Mucosal Associated Invariant T Cells|journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume = 290|issue = 51|pages = 30204–11|date = December 2015|pmid = 26468291|pmc = 4683245|doi = 10.1074/jbc.R115.685990|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite journal|vauthors = Ussher JE, Klenerman P, Willberg CB|title = Mucosal-associated invariant T-cells: new players in anti-bacterial immunity|journal = Frontiers in Immunology|volume = 5|pages = 450|date = 2014-10-08|pmid = 25339949|pmc = 4189401|doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00450|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite journal|vauthors = Howson LJ, Salio M, Cerundolo V|title = MR1-Restricted Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells and Their Activation during Infectious Diseases|journal = Frontiers in Immunology|volume = 6|pages = 303|date = 2015-06-16|pmid = 26136743|pmc = 4468870|doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00303|doi-access = free}}</ref> After the presentation of foreign antigen by MR1, MAIT cells secrete pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]]s and are capable of [[Lysis|lysing]] bacterially-infected cells.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":12"/> MAIT cells can also be activated through MR1-independent signaling.<ref name=":12"/> In addition to possessing innate-like functions, this T cell subset supports the [[Adaptive immune system|adaptive]] immune response and has a memory-like phenotype.<ref name=":02"/> Furthermore, MAIT cells are thought to play a role in [[autoimmune disease]]s, such as [[multiple sclerosis]], arthritis and [[inflammatory bowel disease]],<ref name=":5">{{cite journal|vauthors = Hinks TS|title = Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in autoimmunity, immune-mediated diseases and airways disease|journal = Immunology|volume = 148|issue = 1|pages = 1–12|date = May 2016|pmid = 26778581|pmc = 4819138|doi = 10.1111/imm.12582}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite journal|vauthors = Bianchini E, De Biasi S, Simone AM, Ferraro D, Sola P, Cossarizza A, Pinti M|title = Invariant natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in multiple sclerosis|journal = Immunology Letters|volume = 183|pages = 1–7|date = March 2017|pmid = 28119072|doi = 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.009}}</ref> although definitive evidence is yet to be published.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Serriari NE, Eoche M, Lamotte L, Lion J, Fumery M, Marcelo P, Chatelain D, Barre A, Nguyen-Khac E, Lantz O, Dupas JL, Treiner E|title = Innate mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are activated in inflammatory bowel diseases|journal = Clinical and Experimental Immunology|volume = 176|issue = 2|pages = 266–74|date = May 2014|pmid = 24450998|pmc = 3992039|doi = 10.1111/cei.12277}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Huang S, Martin E, Kim S, Yu L, Soudais C, Fremont DH, Lantz O, Hansen TH|title = MR1 antigen presentation to mucosal-associated invariant T cells was highly conserved in evolution|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume = 106|issue = 20|pages = 8290–5|date = May 2009|pmid = 19416870|pmc = 2688861|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0903196106|bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.8290H|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Chua WJ, Hansen TH|title = Bacteria, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and MR1|journal = Immunology and Cell Biology|volume = 88|issue = 8|pages = 767–9|date = November 2010|pmid = 20733595|doi = 10.1038/icb.2010.104|s2cid = 27717815|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Kjer-Nielsen L, Patel O, Corbett AJ, Le Nours J, Meehan B, Liu L, Bhati M, Chen Z, Kostenko L, Reantragoon R, Williamson NA, Purcell AW, Dudek NL, McConville MJ, O'Hair RA, Khairallah GN, Godfrey DI, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J|title = MR1 presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells|journal = Nature|volume = 491|issue = 7426|pages = 717–23|date = November 2012|pmid = 23051753|doi = 10.1038/nature11605|bibcode = 2012Natur.491..717K|s2cid = 4419703|url = https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:284808/UQ284808_OA.pdf}}</ref>