Editing Swastika (section)

====Spread to eastern Asia====
{{Main|Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing#Wan|List of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs}}
The swastika is an auspicious symbol in China where it was introduced from India with [[Buddhism]].<ref name="pacificasiamuseum">{{Cite web |title=Symbols – USC Pacific Asia Museum |url=https://pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu/exhibitions/past/exhibitions-at-usc-pam-prior-to-2011/rank-and-style-power-dressing-in-imperial-china/index-to-resources/symbols/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406201704/https://pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu/exhibitions/past/exhibitions-at-usc-pam-prior-to-2011/rank-and-style-power-dressing-in-imperial-china/index-to-resources/symbols/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 693, during the [[Tang dynasty]], it was declared as "the source of all good fortune" and was called {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} by [[Wu Zetian]] becoming a Chinese word.<ref name="pacificasiamuseum" /> The Chinese character for {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} ({{Lang-zh|link=no|p=wàn}}) is similar to a swastika in shape and has two different variations:《卐》and 《卍》. As the Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} ({{Lang-zh|c=卐|labels=no}} or {{Lang-zh|labels=no|c=卍}}) is homonym for the Chinese word of "ten thousand" ({{Lang-zh|c=万|labels=no}}) and "infinity", as such the Chinese character is itself a symbol of immortality<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Symbols – USC Pacific Asia Museum |url=https://pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu/exhibitions/past/online-exhibition-chinese-ceramics/chinese-symbols/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=pacificasiamuseum.usc.edu }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and infinity.<ref name="Dusenberry-2004">{{Cite book |last=Dusenberry |first=Mary M. |title=Flowers, dragons and pine trees: Asian textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art |date=2004 |publisher=Hudson Hills Press |others=Carol Bier, Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art |isbn=1-55595-238-0 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=55016186}}</ref>{{Rp|page=175}} It was also a representation of [[longevity]].<ref name="Dusenberry-2004" />{{Rp|page=175}}

The Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} could be used as a stand-alone《{{Lang-zh|c=卐|labels=no}}》or《{{Lang-zh|labels=no|c=卍}}》or as be used as pairs《{{Lang-zh|c=卐|labels=no}} {{Lang-zh|labels=no|c=卍}}》in Chinese visual arts, decorative arts, and clothing due to its auspicious connotation.<ref name="Dusenberry-2004" />{{Rp|page=175}}

Adding the character {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} ({{Lang-zh|c=卐|labels=no}} or {{Lang-zh|labels=no|c=卍}}) to other auspicious Chinese symbols or patterns can multiply that wish by 10,000 times.<ref name="pacificasiamuseum" /><ref name="Dusenberry-2004" />{{Rp|page=175}} It can be combined with other Chinese characters, such as the Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|[[Shou (character)|shou]]}}《壽》for longevity where it is sometimes even integrated into the Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|shou}} to augment the meaning of longevity.<ref name="Dusenberry-2004" />{{Rp|page=175}}

The paired swastika symbols ({{Lang-zh|c=卐|labels=no}} and {{Lang-zh|labels=no|c=卍}}) are included, at least since the [[Liao Dynasty]] (907–1125 CE), as part of the [[Chinese character|Chinese writing system]] and are [[variant Chinese characters|variant characters]] for 《萬》 or 《万》 (''wàn'' in Mandarin, 《만》(''man'') in Korean, Cantonese, and Japanese, ''vạn'' in Vietnamese) meaning "[[myriad]]".<ref>{{cite book
| last =[[Kangxi Emperor]]
 | title =Kangxi Dictionary
 | date =1716
 | location =[[Qing Empire]]
 | page =156
 | language =zh-hant
 | url =http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/0156.gif
 }}</ref>

The character {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} can also be stylized in the form of the {{Transliteration|zh|[[Xiangyun (Auspicious clouds)|xiangyun]]}}, Chinese auspicious clouds.

[[File:Japanese_Crest_Maru_ni_Hidari_Mannji.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|The [[mon (emblem)|mon]] (family crest) of the [[Hachisuka clan]]]]
When the Chinese writing system was introduced to Japan in the 8th century, the swastika was adopted into the Japanese language and culture. It is commonly referred as the ''manji'' ({{lit|10,000-character}}). Since the Middle Ages, it has been used as a ''[[mon (emblem)|mon]]'' by various Japanese families such as [[Tsugaru clan]], [[Hachisuka clan]] or around 60 clans that belong to [[Tokugawa clan]].<ref>(Japanese) Hitoshi Takazawa, ''Encyclopedia of [[Mon (emblem)|Kamon]]'', Tōkyōdō Shuppan, 2008. {{ISBN|978-4-490-10738-8}}.</ref>
The city of [[Hirosaki]] in [[Aomori Prefecture]] designates this symbol as its official flag, which stemmed from its use in the emblem of the [[Tsugaru clan]], the lords of [[Hirosaki Domain]] during the [[Edo period]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

In Japan, the swastika is also used as a [[List of Japanese map symbols|map symbol]] and is designated by the Survey Act and related Japanese governmental rules to denote a [[Buddhist temple]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsi.go.jp/MAPSAKUSEI/25000SAKUSEI/zushiki-zushiki.html#tatemono |script-title=ja:平成14年2万5千分1地形図図式 |publisher=Geospatial Information Authority of Japan |language=ja |trans-title=2002 1:25000 Topographical Map Scheme |access-date=21 April 2012 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419205803/http://www.gsi.go.jp/MAPSAKUSEI/25000SAKUSEI/zushiki-zushiki.html#tatemono }}</ref> Japan has considered changing this due to occasional controversy and misunderstanding by foreigners.<ref name="telegraph290721">{{Cite web|title=Japan to remove swastikas from maps as tourists 'think they are Nazi symbols'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/12105102/Japan-to-remove-swastikas-from-maps-as-tourists-think-they-are-Nazi-symbols.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/12105102/Japan-to-remove-swastikas-from-maps-as-tourists-think-they-are-Nazi-symbols.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-29|website=www.telegraph.co.uk|date=18 January 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The symbol is sometimes censored in international versions of Japanese works, such as anime.<ref name="CBR-2021">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-21|title=Buddhist Manji Removed from Crunchyroll's Release of Tokyo Revengers|url=https://www.cbr.com/buddhist-manji-crunchyroll-tokyo-revengers/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=CBR|language=en-US}}</ref> Censorship of this symbol in Japan and in Japanese media abroad has been subject to occasional controversy related to freedom of speech, with critics of the censorship arguing it does not respect history nor freedom of speech.<ref name="telegraph290721" /><ref name="CBR-2021" />

[[File:Sayagata.svg|thumb|left |upright=0.5 |Sayagata pattern]]
In [[Chinese art|Chinese]] and [[Japanese art]], swastikas are often found as part of a repeating pattern. One common pattern, called ''sayagata'' in Japanese, comprises left- and right-facing swastikas joined by lines.<ref>"Sayagata 紗綾形". ''[http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/sayagata.htm Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404210851/http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/sayagata.htm |date=4 April 2005 }}''.</ref> As the negative space between the lines has a distinctive shape, the sayagata pattern is sometimes called the ''key fret'' motif in English.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Many [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese religions]] make use of swastika symbols, including [[Guiyidao]] and [[Shanrendao]]. The [[Red Swastika Society]], formed in China in 1922 as the philanthropic branch of Guiyidao, became the largest supplier of emergency relief in China during [[World War II]], in the same manner as the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] in the rest of the world. The Red Swastika Society abandoned mainland China in 1954, settling first in Hong Kong then in Taiwan. They continue to use the red swastika as their symbol.<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook on Religion in China |editor=Stephan Feuchtwang |date=2020 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |pages=36, 194, 203 |isbn=978-1-78643-796-9}}</ref>

The [[Falun Gong]] [[qigong]] movement, founded in China in the early 1990s, uses a symbol that features a large swastika surrounded by four smaller (and rounded) ones, interspersed with [[yin and yang|yin-and-yang]] symbols.<ref>{{cite book |author=Daniel Rancour-Laferriere |date=2017 |title=The Sign of the Cross: From Golgotha to Genocide |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=167 |isbn=978-1-351-47421-4 }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Shou Swastika.svg|Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|wan}} integrated into one of the stylistic versions of the Chinese character {{Transliteration|zh|[[Shou (character)|shou]]}}
File:Robe, dragon, man's (AM 9838-33).jpg|Paired character wan on a [[dragon robe]], Qing dynasty
File:Swastika-seoel (xndr).jpg|Swastika on a temple in Korea
File:Wanguo Daodehui.svg|Symbol of [[Shanrendao]], a [[Taoism|Confucian-Taoism]] religious movement in Northeast China
File:Red swastika flag.svg|Flag of the [[Red Swastika Society]], the largest emergency relief group in China during [[World War II]]
File:Saisiyat_pattern_of_the_Goddess_of_Thunder.jpg|The pattern of the Goddess of Thunder (wa:on) of [[Saisiyat people]] in Taiwan.
File:Falun Gong Logo.svg|The symbol of the Falun Gong movement
</gallery>