Editing Susan B. Anthony (section)

===International women's organizations===

====International Council of Women====
Anthony traveled to Europe in 1883 for a nine-month stay, linking up with Stanton, who had arrived a few months earlier. Together they met with leaders of European women's movements and began the process of creating an international women's organization.<ref>Harper (1898–1908), Vol. 2, [https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa01harpgoog#page/n57/mode/2up pp. 546, 578–579].</ref>
The [[National Woman Suffrage Association]] (NWSA) agreed to host its founding congress. The preparatory work was handled primarily by Anthony and two of her younger colleagues in the NWSA, [[Rachel Foster Avery]] and [[May Wright Sewall]]. Delegates from fifty-three women's organizations in nine countries met in Washington in 1888 to form the new association, which was called the [[International Council of Women]] (ICW). The delegates represented a wide variety of organizations, including suffrage associations, professional groups, literary clubs, temperance unions, labor leagues and missionary societies. The [[American Woman Suffrage Association]], which had for years been a rival to the NWSA, participated in the congress. Anthony opened the first session of the ICW and presided over most events.<ref>Barry (1988), pp. 283–287.</ref>

The ICW commanded respect at the highest levels. [[Grover Cleveland|President Cleveland]] and his wife sponsored a reception at the [[White House]] for delegates to the ICW's founding congress. The ICW's second congress was an integral part of the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] held in Chicago in 1893. At its third congress in London in 1899, a reception for the ICW was held at [[Windsor Castle]] at the invitation of [[Queen Victoria]]. At its fourth congress in Berlin in 1904, [[Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein|Augusta Victoria]], the German Empress, received the ICW leaders at her palace. Anthony played a prominent role on all four occasions.<ref>Barry (1988), pp. 287, 328–329, 349. [[Queen Victoria]] arranged for the Windsor Castle reception, but she was not present at it.</ref>

Still active, ICW is associated with the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icw-cif.com/01/03.php|title=History|publisher=International Council of Women|access-date=January 24, 2018|archive-date=August 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825193502/http://www.icw-cif.com/01/03.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====World's Congress of Representative Women====
[[File:Woman's Building (closeup) designed by Sophia Hayden.png|thumb|Woman's Building at the World's Columbian Exposition]]

The [[World's Columbian Exposition]], also known as the Chicago World's Fair, was held in 1893. It hosted several world congresses, each dealing with a specialized topic, such as religion, medicine and science.<ref>[https://www.chipublib.org/fa-worlds-congress-auxiliary-pre-publications-programs-and-circulars-collection/  World’s Congress Auxiliary Pre-Publications, Programs and Circulars Collection], Chicago Public Library.</ref> At almost the last moment, the U.S. Congress decided that the Exposition should also recognize the role of women. After it was over, one of the organizers of the Exposition's congress of women revealed that Anthony had played a pivotal but hidden role in that last-minute decision. Fearing that a public campaign would rouse opposition, Anthony had worked quietly to organize support for this project among women of the political elite. Anthony increased the pressure by covertly initiating a petition that was signed by wives and daughters of Supreme Court judges, senators, cabinet members and other dignitaries.<ref>Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 4, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu04stanuoft#page/232/mode/2up pp. 232–233]. The official who revealed this information was Rachel Foster Avery, an associate of Anthony who served on the organizing committee for the women's congress.</ref>

A large structure called the Woman's Building, designed by [[Sophia Hayden Bennett]], was constructed to provide meeting and exhibition spaces for women at the Exposition. Two of Anthony's closest associates were appointed to organize the women's congress. They arranged for the [[International Council of Women]] to make its upcoming meeting part of the Exposition by expanding its scope and calling itself the [[World's Congress of Representative Women]].<ref>Sewall, May Wright, editor (1894). ''The World's Congress of Representative Women''. New York: Rand, McNally, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VjspAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA46 pp. 46–48] [[Bertha Palmer]] was in charge of women's activities at the Exposition. She appointed [[May Wright Sewall]] as chair and [[Rachel Foster Avery]] as secretary of the organizing committee for the women's congress; both were associates of Anthony.</ref> This week-long congress seated delegates from 27 countries. Its 81 sessions, many held simultaneously, were attended by over 150,000 people, and women's suffrage was discussed at almost every session.<ref>Harper (1898–1908), Vol. 1, [https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa01harpgoog#page/n279/mode/2up p. 748].</ref> Anthony spoke to large crowds at the Exposition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecssba.rutgers.edu/docs/sbaexpo.html|title= Speeches by Susan B. Anthony at Columbian Exposition, 1893|date=May 1893|work=The Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers Project|publisher=Rutgers University|access-date=November 18, 2013}}</ref>

[[Buffalo Bill|"Buffalo Bill" Cody]] invited her as a guest to his Wild West Show, located just outside the Exposition.<ref>Larson, Eric (2003). ''Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America'', New York: Random House, p. 133.</ref> When the show opened, he rode his horse directly to her and greeted her with dramatic flair. According to a co-worker, Anthony, "for the moment as enthusiastic as a girl, waved her handkerchief at him, while the big audience, catching the spirit of the scene, wildly applauded."<ref>Shaw, Anna Howard (1915). ''The Story of a Pioneer'', [https://archive.org/details/storyapioneer01jordgoog/page/n242 p. 207]. New York: Harper and Brothers. Instead of applauding, women of that era sometimes waved white handkerchiefs to show approval, a practice known as the [[Chautauqua Institute|Chautauqua]] salute. See Sherr (1995), p. 308.</ref>

====International Woman Suffrage Alliance====
After Anthony retired as president of the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]], [[Carrie Chapman Catt]], her chosen successor, began working toward an international women's suffrage association, one of Anthony's long-time goals. The existing [[International Council of Women]] could not be expected to support a campaign for women's suffrage because it was a broad alliance whose more conservative members would object. In 1902, Catt organized a preparatory meeting in Washington, with Anthony as chair, that was attended by delegates from several countries. Organized primarily by Catt, the [[International Alliance of Women|International Woman Suffrage Alliance]] was created in Berlin in 1904. The founding meeting was chaired by Anthony, who was declared to be the new organization's honorary president and first member.<ref>Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 6,
[https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu06stanuoft#page/804/mode/2up pp. 805–811].</ref>
According to Anthony's authorized biographer, "no event ever gave Miss Anthony such profound satisfaction as this one".<ref>Harper (1898–1908), Vol. 3, [https://archive.org/stream/lifeandworksusa02harpgoog#page/n265/mode/2up p. 1326].</ref>

Later renamed the [[International Alliance of Women]], the organization is still active and is affiliated with the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://womenalliance.org/what-is-iaw|title=What is IAW|publisher=International Alliance of Women|access-date=November 15, 2013}}</ref>