Editing Submarine communications cable (section)

=== Arctic ===
The [[climate change]] induced melting of [[Arctic]] ice has provided the opportunity to lay new cable networks, linking continents and remote regions.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Shvets |first=D. |date=2018 |title=Law of the Sea and environmental law acting together: Experience of laying submarine cable in the Arctic |journal=Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental |volume=9 |issue=2 |doi=10.17345/rcda2128}}</ref> Several projects are underway in the [[Arctic]] including 12,650 km "[[Polar Express (cable system)|Polar Express]]"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Characteristics of the project |url=https://xn--e1ahdckegffejda6k5a1a.xn--p1ai/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208174804/https://xn--e1ahdckegffejda6k5a1a.xn--p1ai/en/ |archive-date=2023-12-08 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Polar Express}}</ref> and 14,500 km [[Far North Fiber]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project description |url=https://www.farnorthfiber.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307231425/https://www.farnorthfiber.com/ |archive-date=2024-03-07 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Far North Fiber}}</ref> However, scholars have raised environmental concerns about the laying of submarine cables in the region and the general lack of a nuanced regulatory framework.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":23">Shvets, D. (2020). The Legal Regime Governing Submarine Telecommunications Cables in the Arctic: Present State and Challenges. In Salminen, M., Zojer, G., Hossain, K. (eds) ''Digitalisation and Human Security. New Security Challenges.'' Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48070-7_7

</ref><ref name=":3" /> Environmental concerns pertain both to ice-related hazards damaging the cables, and cable installation disturbing the [[seabed]] or [[electromagnetic field]]s and [[thermal radiation]] of the cables impacting sensitive organisms.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=OSPAR Commission |date=2009 |title=Assessment of the environmental impacts of cables. |url=https://qsr2010.ospar.org/media/assessments/p00437_Cables.pdf |journal=Biodiversity |series=Series 1}}</ref>