Editing Socialism (section)

=== Anarchism ===
{{main|Anarchism}}
Anarchism advocates [[stateless societies]] often defined as [[self-governed]] voluntary institutions,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |quote=Anarchism, a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man's natural social tendencies. |first=George |last=Woodcock |author-link=George Woodcock |title=Anarchism |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref><ref>"In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions." [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/britanniaanarchy.html Peter Kropotkin. "Anarchism" from the Encyclopædia Britannica] Peter Kropotkin. "Anarchism" from the Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Anarchism |encyclopedia=The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2005 |pages=14 |quote=Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sheehan |first=Sean |title=Anarchism |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books Ltd. |date=2004 |pages=85}}</ref> but that several authors have defined as more specific institutions based on non-[[hierarchical]] [[Free association (communism and anarchism)|free associations]].<ref name="iaf-ifa.org"/><ref>{{cite book |quote=as many anarchists have stressed, it is not government as such that they find objectionable, but the hierarchical forms of government associated with the nation state. |first=Judith |last=Suissa |title=Anarchism and Education: a Philosophical Perspective |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |date=2006 |pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote=That is why Anarchy, when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects, when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them, when it refuses all hierarchical organisation and preaches free agreement—at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist. |first=Peter |last=Kropotkin |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |url=http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Anarchism__its_philosophy_and_ideal.html |title=Anarchism: its philosophy and ideal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318013807/http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Anarchism__its_philosophy_and_ideal.html |archive-date=18 March 2012 |via=The Anarchist Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote=anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy—hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society. |chapter-url=http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/The_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective__An_Anarchist_FAQ__03_17_.html#toc2 |chapter=B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615071249/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/The_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective__An_Anarchist_FAQ__03_17_.html#toc2 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |title=An Anarchist FAQ |via=The Anarchist Library}}</ref> While anarchism holds the [[State (polity)|state]] to be undesirable, unnecessary or harmful,<ref name="definition">{{cite journal |last=Malatesta |first=Errico |title=Towards Anarchism |journal=Man! |oclc=3930443 |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/malatesta/1930s/xx/toanarchy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107221404/http://marxists.org/archive/malatesta/1930s/xx/toanarchy.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live |author-link=Errico Malatesta}} {{cite journal |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070514.wxlanarchist14/BNStory/lifeWork/home/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516094548/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070514.wxlanarchist14/BNStory/lifeWork/home |archive-date=16 May 2007 |title=Working for The Man |journal=[[The Globe and Mail]] |access-date=14 April 2008 |last=Agrell |first=Siri |date=14 May 2007}} {{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117285 |title=Anarchism |year=2006 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service |access-date=29 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214085638/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117285 |archive-date=14 December 2006}} {{cite journal |year=2005 |title=Anarchism |journal=The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |page=14 |quote=Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable.}} The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy:
{{harvp|McLaughlin|2007|p=59}}; {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=R. |title=The Dictionary of Human Geography |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge |year=2000 |isbn=978-0631205616 |page=24}}</ref><ref name=slevin>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Slevin |first=Carl |title=Anarchism |dictionary=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics |editor1-first=Iain |editor1-last=McLean |editor2-first=Alistair |editor2-last=McMillan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2003}}</ref> it is not the central aspect.{{sfnp|McLaughlin|2007|p=28|ps= "Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short."}} Anarchism entails opposing [[authority]] or [[hierarchical organisation]] in the conduct of human relations, including the state system.<ref name="iaf-ifa.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html |title=IAF principles |publisher=[[International of Anarchist Federations]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105095946/http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html |archive-date=5 January 2012 |quote=The IAF – IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.}}</ref><ref name="Brown 2002 106">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=L. Susan |chapter=Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism |title=The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism |publisher=Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing |year=2002 |page=106}}</ref>{{sfnp|McLaughlin|2007|p=1|ps= "Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations—by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power—and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."}}<ref>Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left,—follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism&nbsp;... Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx." [[Benjamin Tucker]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Benjamin_Tucker__Individual_Liberty.html ''Individual Liberty.'']</ref><ref>Anarchist historian [[George Woodcock]] report of [[Mikhail Bakunin]]'s anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9)&nbsp;... Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Bern Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."</ref> [[Mutualism (economic theory)|Mutualists]] support market socialism, [[collectivist anarchist]]s favour [[workers cooperative]]s and salaries based on the amount of time contributed to production, [[anarcho-communists]] advocate a direct transition from capitalism to [[libertarian communism]] and a [[gift economy]] and [[anarcho-syndicalist]]s prefer workers' [[direct action]] and the [[general strike]].<ref name="McKay 2008"/>

The authoritarian–[[libertarian]] struggles and disputes within the socialist movement go back to the First International and the expulsion in 1872 of the anarchists, who went on to lead the [[Anti-authoritarian International]] and then founded their own libertarian international, the [[Anarchist St. Imier International]].<ref>Hahnel, Robin (2005). ''Economic Justice and Democracy''. Routledge Press. p. 138. {{ISBN|0415933447}}.</ref> In 1888, the [[individualist anarchist]] [[Benjamin Tucker]], who proclaimed himself to be an anarchistic socialist and [[libertarian socialist]] in opposition to the authoritarian [[state socialism]] and the compulsory communism, included the full text of a "Socialistic Letter" by [[Ernest Lesigne]]<ref>Lesigne (1887). [http://fair-use.org/liberty/1887/12/17/socialistic-letters "Socialistic Letters"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807090418/http://fair-use.org/liberty/1887/12/17/socialistic-letters |date=7 August 2020}}. ''Le Radical''. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</ref> in his essay on "State Socialism and Anarchism". According to Lesigne, there are two types of socialism: "One is dictatorial, the other libertarian".<ref>Tucker, Benjamin (1911) [1888]. ''State Socialism and Anarchism: How Far They Agree and Wherein They Differ''. Fifield.</ref> Tucker's two socialisms were the authoritarian state socialism which he associated to the Marxist school and the libertarian anarchist socialism, or simply anarchism, that he advocated. Tucker noted that the fact that the authoritarian "State Socialism has overshadowed other forms of Socialism gives it no right to a monopoly of the Socialistic idea".<ref>Tucker, Benjamin (1893). ''Instead of a Book by a Man Too Busy to Write One''. pp. 363–364.</ref> According to Tucker, what those two schools of socialism had in common was the [[labor theory of value]] and the ends, by which anarchism pursued different means.<ref>Brown, Susan Love (1997). "The Free Market as Salvation from Government". In Carrier, James G., ed. ''Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture''. Berg Publishers. p. 107. {{ISBN|978-1859731499}}.</ref>

According to anarchists such as the authors of ''An Anarchist FAQ'', anarchism is one of the many traditions of socialism. For anarchists and other anti-authoritarian socialists, socialism "can only mean a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs, either as individuals or as part of a group (depending on the situation). In other words, it implies self-management in all aspects of life", including at the workplace.<ref name="McKay 2008">{{cite book |editor-last=McKay |editor-first=Iain |year=2008 |section=Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron? |title=An Anarchist FAQ |volume=I |location=Stirling |publisher=[[AK Press]] |isbn=978-1902593906 |oclc=182529204}}</ref> Michael Newman includes anarchism as one of many socialist traditions.{{sfnp|Newman|2005}} [[Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|Peter Marshall]] argues that "[i]n general anarchism is closer to socialism than liberalism. ... Anarchism finds itself largely in the socialist camp, but it also has outriders in liberalism. It cannot be reduced to socialism, and is best seen as a separate and distinctive doctrine."<ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Peter |date=1992 |title=Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism |location=London |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |page=641 |isbn=978-0002178556}}</ref>