Editing Silicon Valley (section)

==Demographics==
Silicon Valley has a population of 3.1 million as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=평균 연봉 1억7000·중국인이 주류…실리콘밸리의 모든 것 [김재후의 실리콘밸리101] |url=https://www.hankyung.com/article/202103227531i |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=한국경제 |language=ko}}</ref> A 1999 study by [[AnnaLee Saxenian]] for the [[Public Policy Institute of California]] reported that a third of Silicon Valley scientists and engineers were immigrants and that nearly a quarter of Silicon Valley's high-technology firms since 1980 were run by [[Chinese American|Chinese]] (17 percent) or [[Indian American|Indian]] descent CEOs (7 percent).<ref>{{cite web |last=Saxenian |first=AnnaLee |title=Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs |year=1999 |publisher=Public Policy Institute of California |url=http://wee.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_699ASR.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131123024/http://wee.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_699ASR.pdf |archive-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref> In addition, Saxenian's study found that successful immigrant entrepreneurs relied heavily on ethnic resources as they integrated into the Silicon Valley work culture and American society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saxenian |first=AnnaLee |date=2002-02-01 |title=Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant High-Growth Entrepreneurs |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0891242402016001003 |journal=Economic Development Quarterly |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=20–31 |doi=10.1177/0891242402016001003 |issn=0891-2424}}</ref> There is a stratum of well-compensated technical employees and managers, including tens of thousands of "single-digit millionaires". This income and range of assets will support a middle-class lifestyle in Silicon Valley.<ref name=NYT8507>{{cite news |first1=Gary |last1=Riflin |title=In Silicon Valley, Millionaires Who Don't Feel Rich |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/05/technology/05rich.html |access-date=June 27, 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=August 5, 2007 |quote=Silicon Valley is thick with those who might be called working-class millionaires |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605040842/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/05/technology/05rich.html |archive-date=June 5, 2015}}</ref>

=== Gender ===
{{See also|Sexism in the technology industry}}
In November 2006, the [[University of California, Davis]] released a report analyzing business leadership by women within the state.<ref name=UCD-PR2006>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=November 16, 2006 |title=Women Missing From Decision-Making Roles in State Biz |url=http://news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=7951 |publisher=[[Regents of the University of California|UC Regents]] |access-date=March 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180822/http://news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=7951 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The report showed that although 103 of the 400 largest public companies headquartered in California were located in Santa Clara County (the most of all counties), only 8.8% of Silicon Valley companies had women CEOs.<ref name=Ellis2006>{{cite web |last=Ellis |first=Katrina |year=2006 |title=UC Davis Study of California Women Business Leaders |url=http://gsm.ucdavis.edu/sites/main/files/file-attachments/ucdaviswomenstudyfull.pdf |publisher=UC Regents |access-date=March 25, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402165726/http://gsm.ucdavis.edu/sites/main/files/file-attachments/ucdaviswomenstudyfull.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref>{{rp|4,7}} This was the lowest percentage in the state.<ref name=Zee061116>{{cite news |last=Zee |first=Samantha |date=November 16, 2006 |title=California, Silicon Valley Firms Lack Female Leaders (Update1) |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=acw9MG.7SAig&refer=us |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=March 25, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172104/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=acw9MG.7SAig&refer=us |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> (San Francisco County had 19.2% and Marin County had 18.5%.)<ref name=Ellis2006 />

Silicon Valley tech leadership positions are occupied almost exclusively by men.<ref name=WP11911>{{cite news |last=Wadhwa |first=Vivek |date=November 9, 2011 |title=Silicon Valley women are on the rise, but have far to go |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/pb/national/on-innovations/silicon-valley-women-are-on-the-rise-but-have-far-to-go/2011/09/14/gIQAP5b84M_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=December 26, 2014 |quote=This is one of Silicon Valley's most glaring faults: It is male-dominated. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025101903/http://www.washingtonpost.com/pb/national/on-innovations/silicon-valley-women-are-on-the-rise-but-have-far-to-go/2011/09/14/gIQAP5b84M_story.html |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> This is also represented in the number of new companies founded by women as well as the number of women-lead startups that receive venture capital funding. Wadhwa said he believes that a contributing factor is a lack of parental encouragement to study science and engineering.<ref name=2014MomDad>{{cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Vivek |date=May 15, 2010 |title=Fixing Societal Problems: It Starts With Mom and Dad |url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/05/15/fixing-societal-problems-it-starts-with-mom-and-dad/ |website=TechCrunch |publisher=AOL |access-date=December 26, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227011324/http://techcrunch.com/2010/05/15/fixing-societal-problems-it-starts-with-mom-and-dad/ |archive-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> He also cited a lack of women role models and noted that most famous tech leaders—like [[Bill Gates]], [[Steve Jobs]], and [[Mark Zuckerberg]]—are men.<ref name=WP11911 />
[[File:Silicon Valley Pride Parade 2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Silicon Valley Pride]] in San Jose]]

As of October 2014, some high-profile Silicon Valley firms were working actively to prepare and recruit women. ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]'' reported that Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft attended the 20th annual [[Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing]] conference to actively recruit and potentially hire female engineers and technology experts.<ref name="Burrows141008">{{cite news |last=Burrows |first=Peter |date=October 8, 2014 |title=Gender Gap Draws Thousands From Google, Apple to Phoenix |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-08/gender-gap-draws-thousands-from-google-apple-to-phoenix |website=Bloomberg Business |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=March 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194407/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-08/gender-gap-draws-thousands-from-google-apple-to-phoenix |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> The same month, the second annual Platform Summit was held to discuss increasing racial and gender diversity in tech.<ref name="Porter141029">{{cite journal |last=Porter |first=Jane |date=October 29, 2014 |title=Inside the Movement That's Trying to Solve Silicon Valley's Diversity Problem |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3037720/innovation-agents/inside-the-movement-thats-trying-to-solve-silicon-valleys-diversity-proble |journal=Fast Company |publisher=Mansueto Ventures |access-date=March 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319121041/http://www.fastcompany.com/3037720/innovation-agents/inside-the-movement-thats-trying-to-solve-silicon-valleys-diversity-proble |archive-date=March 19, 2015}}</ref> As of April 2015 experienced women were engaged in creation of venture capital firms which leveraged women's perspectives in funding of startups.<ref name="NYT4115">{{cite news |author1=Claire Cain Miller |title=Female-Run Venture Capital Funds Alter the Status Quo |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/business/dealbook/female-run-venture-funds-alter-the-status-quo.html |access-date=April 2, 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=April 1, 2015 |format=Dealbook blog |quote=We’re in the middle of a shifting trend where there are newly wealthy women putting their money to work, and similarly we’re starting to have a larger number of experienced investors, |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401201224/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/business/dealbook/female-run-venture-funds-alter-the-status-quo.html |archive-date=April 1, 2015}}</ref>

After UC Davis published its ''Study of California Women Business Leaders'' in November 2006,<ref name=Ellis2006 /> some ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'' readers dismissed the possibility that sexism contributed in making Silicon Valley's leadership gender gap the highest in the state. A January 2015 issue of ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine featured an article detailing reports of sexism and misogyny in Silicon Valley.<ref name=Burleigh150128>{{cite magazine|last=Burleigh |first=Nina |date=January 28, 2015 |title=What Silicon Valley Thinks of Women |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/what-silicon-valley-thinks-women-302821.html |magazine=Newsweek |access-date=March 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321113800/http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/what-silicon-valley-thinks-women-302821.html |archive-date=March 21, 2015}}</ref> The article's author, [[Nina Burleigh]], asked, "Where were all these offended people when women like [[Heidi Roizen]] published accounts of having a venture capitalist stick her hand in his pants under a table while a deal was being discussed?"<ref name=Tam150130>{{cite news |last=Tam |first=Ruth |date=January 30, 2015 |title=Artist behind Newsweek cover: it's not sexist, it depicts the ugliness of sexism |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/artist-behind-newsweek-cover/ |publisher=PBS NewsHour |access-date=March 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321192906/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/artist-behind-newsweek-cover/ |archive-date=March 21, 2015}}</ref> Silicon Valley firms' board of directors are composed of 15.7% women compared with 20.9% in the S&P 100.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/13/ellen-pao-gender-lawsuit-silicon-valley |title=Ellen Pao gender discrimination trial grips Silicon Valley |work=TheGuardian.com |date=March 13, 2015 |access-date=June 6, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617024429/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/13/ellen-pao-gender-lawsuit-silicon-valley |archive-date=June 17, 2016}}</ref>

{{anchor|sexism in venture capital}}The 2012 lawsuit ''[[Pao v. Kleiner Perkins]]'' was filed in [[San Francisco County Superior Court]] by executive [[Ellen Pao]] for [[gender discrimination]] against her employer, [[Kleiner Perkins]].<ref name=Complaint>{{Cite web |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1672582/pao-complaint.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182506/https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1672582/pao-complaint.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Complaint of Ellen Pao |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> The case went to trial in February 2015. On March 27, 2015, the jury found in favor of Kleiner Perkins on all counts.<ref name=Recodeverdict>{{cite news |author1=Liz Gannes and Nellie Bowles |title=Live: Ellen Pao Loses on All Claims in Historic Gender Discrimination Lawsuit Against Kleiner Perkins |url=http://recode.net/2015/03/27/live-the-pao-v-kleiner-perkins-verdict/ |access-date=March 27, 2015 |work=Re/code |date=March 27, 2015 |quote=That's the full verdict. No on all claims. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327235113/https://recode.net/2015/03/27/live-the-pao-v-kleiner-perkins-verdict/ |archive-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref> Nevertheless, the case, which had wide press coverage, resulted in major advances in consciousness of gender discrimination on the part of venture capital and technology firms and their women employees.<ref name=RecodeDecker>{{cite news |first1=Sue |last1=Decker |author-link1=Susan Decker |title=A Fish Is the Last to Discover Water: Impressions From the Ellen Pao Trial |url=http://recode.net/2015/03/26/a-fish-is-the-last-to-discover-water-impressions-from-the-ellen-pao-trial/ |access-date=March 28, 2015 |work=Re/code |date=March 26, 2015 |quote=We may look back at this as a watershed moment—regardless of how the very attentive jury comes out on their verdict. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327153241/http://recode.net/2015/03/26/a-fish-is-the-last-to-discover-water-impressions-from-the-ellen-pao-trial/ |archive-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref><ref name=NYTDisrupter>{{cite news |first1=Farhad |last1=Manjoo |title=Ellen Pao Disrupts How Silicon Valley Does Business |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/technology/ellen-pao-disrupts-how-silicon-valley-does-business.html |access-date=March 28, 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=March 27, 2015 |quote=Ms. Klein argued that the Kleiner trial would become a landmark case for women in the workplace, as consequential for corporate gender relations as Anita Hill's accusations in 1991 of sexual harassment during the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328055427/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/technology/ellen-pao-disrupts-how-silicon-valley-does-business.html |archive-date=March 28, 2015}}</ref> Two other cases have been filed against Facebook and Twitter.<ref name=Streitfeld150327>{{cite news |last=Streitfeld |first=David |date=March 27, 2015 |title=Ellen Pao Loses Silicon Valley Gender Bias Case Against Kleiner Perkins |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/technology/ellen-pao-kleiner-perkins-case-decision.html |access-date=April 1, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=In a sign that the struggle over the place of women in Silicon Valley is only beginning, gender discrimination suits have recently been filed against two prominent companies, Facebook and Twitter. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103507/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/technology/ellen-pao-kleiner-perkins-case-decision.html |archive-date=March 31, 2015}}</ref>

=== Race ===
A 2017 study showed that [[White Americans|white]] males made up the majority of higher positions, with 58.7% holding executive positions and 46.5% being managers. The second highest position holders were [[Asian Americans|Asian]] men, with 16.3% having executive positions and 17.9% being managers. [[African Americans|African/Black]] and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic/Latino]] people had the lowest percentages in all categories.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Sinduja |date=June 25, 2018 |title=Bay Area tech diversity: White men dominate Silicon Valley |url=http://revealnews.org/article/heres-the-clearest-picture-of-silicon-valleys-diversity-yet/ |access-date=December 6, 2023 |website=Reveal |language=en-US}}</ref>

''[[Harvard Business Review]]'' published an article in 2018 discussing diversity and inclusion and gave statistics on black employees along with advice to future black technicians. LeRon L. Barton, a black man who spent over two decades in Tech, gave an insight on his work experiences. He said he saw no one who looked like him in his profession and said he received many comments that he believed disregarded his skill such as being called the diversity hire. He described being isolated from his team, and constantly having to prove he could do the job he was hired for.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barton |first=LeRon L. |date=March 4, 2021 |title=What It's Like to Be a Black Man in Tech |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2021/03/what-its-like-to-be-a-black-man-in-tech |access-date=December 6, 2023 |issn=0017-8012}}</ref>

Some of the most successful Black people in Silicon Valley include Roy Clay, the founder of Hewlett Packard's computing division who is considered the "Godfather of Silicon Valley";<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guynn |first=Jessica |title=Roy Clay Sr., a Silicon Valley pioneer who knocked down racial barriers, dies at 95 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2024/09/25/roy-clay-sr-dies/75366211007/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> Ken Coleman, the first Black recruiter at Hewlett and later an executive at Activision and Silicon Graphics;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horowitz |first=Ben |date=2013-04-11 |title=Ken Coleman |url=https://a16z.com/ken-coleman/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Andreessen Horowitz |language=en}}</ref> John W. Thompson, the first Black CEO of a major tech company, the enterprise security software provider Symantec, and the chairman of computing giant Microsoft replacing the founder Bill Gates; Robert F. Smith, former Goldman Sachs technology M&A banker and founder of software private equity firm Vista Equity Partners; Charles Phillips, President of Oracle and CEO of Infor who coined the term "enterprise software" during his time as a technology banker at Morgan Stanley with Frank Quattrone and Mary Meeker;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gelles |first=David |date=2019-05-19 |title=Who Is Robert F. Smith, the Man Paying Off Morehouse Graduates’ Loans? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/19/business/robert-f-smith-morehouse-vista-equity.html |access-date=2025-03-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fuhrmans |first=Vanessa |date=2017-11-08 |title=Meet the CEO Trying to Make Business Software...Beautiful? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/meet-the-ceo-trying-to-make-business-software-beautiful-1510153201 |access-date=2025-03-12 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> and Stacy Brown-Philpot, the first Black female tech CEO at online marketplace TaskRabbit. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaukab |first=Farva |date=2016-05-26 |title=Profile: Stacy Brown-Philpot, TaskRabbit |url=https://www.ft.com/content/282a3896-1e6a-11e6-a7bc-ee846770ec15#axzz4AYUsz0cU |access-date=2025-03-12 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

Late 2024 and early 2025 marked a shift in the discourse around DEI or diversity equity and inclusion initiatives in Silicon Valley. As many tech companies faced economic headwinds and pressure to reduce costs in the midst of falling valuations and rising interest rates, leading to widespread layoffs and budget scrutiny by investors, DEI programs were often the first thing out the door. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Wipes Language on Trans People, DEI Goals from Corporate Site |url=https://www.theinformation.com/briefings/amazon-wipes-language-on-trans-people-dei-goals-from-corporate-site |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=The Information |language=en}}</ref>

=== Statistics ===
In 2014, tech companies [[Google]], [[Yahoo!]], [[Facebook]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], and others, released corporate transparency reports that offered detailed employee breakdowns. In May, [[Google]] said 17% of its tech employees worldwide were women, and, in the U.S., 1% of its tech workers were [[African Americans|black]] and 2% were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic/Latino]].<ref name=Musil140528>{{cite web |last=Musil |first=Steven |date=May 28, 2014 |title=Google discloses its diversity record and admits it's not good |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/google-discloses-its-workforce-diversity-record-and-its-not-good/ |website=CNET |publisher=CBS Interactive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041452/http://www.cnet.com/news/google-discloses-its-workforce-diversity-record-and-its-not-good/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> June 2014 brought reports from Yahoo! and Facebook. [[Yahoo!]] said that 15% of its tech jobs were held by women, 2% of its tech employees were black and 4% Hispanic.<ref name=Levy140617>{{cite web |last=Levy |first=Karyne |date=June 17, 2014 |title=Yahoo's Diversity Numbers Are Just As Terrible As The Rest of the Tech Industry's |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/yahoo-workplace-diversity-numbers-2014-6 |website=Business Insider |access-date=March 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110032/http://www.businessinsider.com/yahoo-workplace-diversity-numbers-2014-6 |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> [[Facebook]] reported that 15% of its tech workforce was female, and 3% was Hispanic and 1% was black.<ref name=Williams140625>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Maxine |date=June 25, 2014 |title=Building a More Diverse Facebook |url=http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2014/06/building-a-more-diverse-facebook/ |publisher=Facebook |access-date=March 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323000938/http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2014/06/building-a-more-diverse-facebook/ |archive-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In August 2014, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] reported that 80% of its global tech staff was male and that, in the U.S., 54% of its tech jobs were staffed by Caucasians and 23% by Asians.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=August 13, 2014 |title=Apple diversity report released; Cook 'not satisfied with the numbers' |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/apple-diversity-report-released-cook-not-satisfied-with-the-numbers/ |publisher=CBS Interactive |agency=Associated Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065024/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/apple-diversity-report-released-cook-not-satisfied-with-the-numbers/ |archive-date=January 26, 2016}}</ref> Soon after, ''[[USA Today]]'' published an article about Silicon Valley's lack of tech-industry diversity, pointing out that it is largely white or Asian, and male. "Blacks and Hispanics are largely absent," it reported, "and women are underrepresented in Silicon Valley—from giant companies to start-ups to venture capital firms."<ref name=Guynn-Weise>{{cite news |last1=Guynn |first1=Jessica |last2=Weise |first2=Elizabeth |date=August 15, 2014 |title=Lack of diversity could undercut Silicon Valley |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/06/26/silicon-valley-tech-diversity-white-asian-black-hispanic-google-facebook-yahoo/11372421/ |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=March 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417035957/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/06/26/silicon-valley-tech-diversity-white-asian-black-hispanic-google-facebook-yahoo/11372421/ |archive-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref> Civil rights activist [[Jesse Jackson]] said of improving diversity in the tech industry, "This is the next step in the civil rights movement"<ref name=Koch140815>{{cite news |last=Koch |first=Wendy |date=August 15, 2014 |title=Jesse Jackson: Tech diversity is next civil rights step |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/07/28/jesse-jackson-seeks-eeoc-scrutiny-of-tech-industry/13270991/ |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=March 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303203816/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/07/28/jesse-jackson-seeks-eeoc-scrutiny-of-tech-industry/13270991/ |archive-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> while [[T. J. Rodgers]] has argued against Jackson's assertions.

According to a 2019 Lincoln Network survey, 48% of high-tech workers in Silicon Valley identify as [[Christianity|Christians]], with [[Roman Catholicism]] (27%) being its largest branch, followed by [[Protestantism]] (19%).<ref name="LincolnNetworksurvey">{{cite web|url=https://joinlincoln.org/pdfs/lincoln-2019-viewpoint-report.pdf|title=2019 Viewpoint Inclusion Survey Report|date=February 22, 2009|publisher=Lincoln Network survey|page=4|access-date=February 23, 2023|archive-date=March 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329042830/https://joinlincoln.org/pdfs/lincoln-2019-viewpoint-report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The same study found that 16% of high-tech workers identify as nothing in particular, 11% as something else, 8% as [[Agnosticism|Agnostics]], and 7% as [[Atheism|Atheists]]. Around 4% of high-tech workers in Silicon Valley identify as [[Judaism|Jews]] or [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], 3% as [[Hinduism|Hindus]], 2% as [[Islam|Muslims]] and 1% as [[Satanism|Satanists]].<ref name="LincolnNetworksurvey"/>