Editing Shogun (section)

===Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868)===
{{Further|Edo period|Tokugawa shogunate}}
[[File:Tokugawa Ieyasu2.JPG|thumb|[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], founder of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]]]
Ruled by 15 Tokugawa shoguns, the [[Edo period]] (1603–1868) saw dramatic economic and cultural development, fostered by a relatively peaceful society. [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]] (now [[Tokyo]]) became the largest city in the world at the time, [[Genroku culture|Genroku]] and [[Kasei culture]]s flourished, and {{nihongo3|townspeople|町人|[[chōnin]]}} enjoyed a variety of cultural activities such as [[ukiyo-e]], [[kabuki]], [[bunraku]], [[rakugo]], [[kōdan]], [[haiku]], and literature.<ref name="naedo">{{cite web|url=https://www.meihaku.jp/japanese-history-category/period-edo/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619232313/https://www.meihaku.jp/japanese-history-category/period-edo/|script-title=ja:江戸時代とは|language=ja|publisher=The Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=19 June 2022|access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="na180324"/>

The Edo period began in 1603 when [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] was given the title of {{nihongo3|shogun|征夷大将軍|sei-i taishōgun}} and established the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo (now Tokyo).<ref name="osakajk"/> Ieyasu set a precedent in 1605 when he retired as shogun in favour of his son [[Tokugawa Hidetada]], though he maintained power from behind the scenes as {{nihongo3|cloistered shogun|[[:ja:大御所|大御所]]|Ōgosho}}.<ref>Nussbaum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA738&dq= "''Ogosho''"] at p. 738.</ref>

In order to establish the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, he exchanged the fiefdoms of various daimyo to increase or decrease their areas of control. The {{nihongo3||譜代大名|[[fudai daimyo]]}} who had sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu before the Battle of Sekigahara were reassigned to various locations between Edo, the base of the Tokugawa shogunate, and [[Osaka]], where Toyotomi Hideyoshi's [[concubine]], [[Yodo-dono]], and his son, Toyotomi Hideyori, were located. On the other hand, he reassigned the {{nihongo3||外様大名|[[tozama daimyo]]}} who had submitted to Tokugawa Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara, to remote areas separated from politically important regions. Then, in 1614 and 1615, he twice attacked [[Osaka Castle]], forcing Yodo-dono and Toyotomi Hideyori to commit suicide and destroying the [[Toyotomi clan]] ([[Siege of Osaka]]), thereby eliminating any resistance that might have stood in the way of Tokugawa rule in Japan and consolidating the power of the Tokugawa shogunate.<ref name="osakajk">{{cite web|url=https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=63|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204220601/https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=63|script-title=ja:大坂の陣|language=ja|website=Japan Knowledge|archive-date=4 February 2023|access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref>

In 1615, the Tokugawa shogunate enacted the {{nihongo3|Laws for the Imperial and Court Officials|禁中並公家諸法度|[[Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto]]}} to control the imperial court. The first article implied that the emperor should not be involved in politics and that what he did should be academic. The following articles regulated the appointment of the {{nihongo3|Imperial Regent for Minor Emperors|摂政|[[Sesshō and Kampaku|sesshō]]}} and {{nihongo3|Imperial Regent for Adult Emperors|関白|[[Sesshō and Kampaku|kampaku]]}}, as well as detailed regulations on the dress of the emperor and the court nobles. It also stipulated that the shogunate could intervene in the revision of the [[Japanese era name|era name]], which had originally been the prerogative of the imperial court. It also stipulated that nobles could be exiled if they disobeyed the orders of the shogunate.<ref name="kinchu">{{cite web|url=https://religion-news.net/2024/01/15/ieyasu807/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309062006/https://religion-news.net/2024/01/15/ieyasu807/|script-title=ja:禁中並公家諸法度で戦をなくす|language=ja|website=[[:ja:宗教新聞社|Shukyō Shimbun]]|date=15 January 2024|archive-date=9 March 2024|access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref> During the Edo period, effective power rested with the Tokugawa shogun, not the Emperor in [[Kyoto]], even though the former ostensibly owed his position to the latter. The shogun controlled foreign policy, the military, and feudal patronage. The role of the Emperor was ceremonial, similar to the position of the [[Japanese monarchy]] after the [[Second World War]].<ref name="wakabayashi">{{cite journal |title=In Name Only: Imperial Sovereignty in Early Modern Japan |first=Bob Tadashi |last=Wakabayashi |journal=Journal of Japanese Studies |volume=17 |issue=1 |date=Winter 1991 |pages=25–57 |doi=10.2307/132906 |jstor=132906}}</ref>

In 1617, a month before his death, Ieyasu was appointed {{nihongo3|Chancellor of the Realm|太政大臣|daijō-daijin}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.toshogu.or.jp/about/ieyasu.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201025602/https://www.toshogu.or.jp/about/ieyasu.php|script-title=ja:徳川家康公について|language=ja|website=[[Kunōzan Tōshō-gū]]|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

The fifth shogun, [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]], enforced an animal protection law called the {{nihongo3||[[:ja:生類憐みの令|生類憐みの令]]|Shōrui awaremi no rei}} from 1685 to 1709. According to earlier theories, this was a bad law that demanded extreme animal protection and severe punishment for violators. Today, however, the law is seen as less extreme and more protective of human life, and is credited with sweeping away the rough and tumble spirit of the people that had persisted since the Sengoku period and improving the sense of ethics among the Japanese people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seibutsugakushi/99/0/99_11/_pdf/-char/ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913140834/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seibutsugakushi/99/0/99_11/_pdf/-char/ja|script-title=ja:「生類憐みの令」の動物観（上）|pages=12–16|language=ja|website=J stage|archive-date=13 September 2021|access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://tsurumi-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/1138|script-title=ja:生命倫理の視点からみた徳川綱吉の治世についての研究|pages=103–106|language=ja|journal=[[Tsurumi University]]|date=February 2022 |issue=59 |access-date=8 April 2024 |last1=阿部 |first1=道生 |last2=アベ |first2=ミチオ |last3=Abe |first3=Michio }}</ref>

[[File:Tokugawa Yoshimune.jpg|thumb|[[Tokugawa Yoshimune]]]]
In the early Edo period, Japan was the world's largest producer of gold and silver, but by the second half of the 17th century, these resources had been almost completely depleted, and most of the gold and silver produced was shipped out of the country, leaving the shogunate in financial difficulties. The eighth shogun, [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]], implemented a series of reforms known as the [[Kyōhō Reforms]]. He reduced the shogunate's expenses while increasing revenue by requiring feudal lords to contribute rice to the shogunate in exchange for cutting the length of {{nihongo3||参勤交代|[[sankin-kōtai]]}} in half. He increased the revenue of the shogunate by 20% by encouraging the development of new rice fields. He also encouraged the cultivation of cash crops such as [[sweet potato]]es and [[sugar cane]], which allowed agriculture to flourish and increased tax revenues. He issued new money with a reduced gold content to prevent price increases. He learned from the [[Great Fire of Meireki]], which killed 100,000 people, and built extensive roads and firebreaks around the city. He established a {{nihongo3|complaints box|[[:ja:目安箱|目安箱]]|meyasubako}} to receive petitions from the common people, which led to the formation of a firefighting organization by the townspeople and the establishment of a [[Koishikawa Yojosho]] (Koishikawa Hospital) where the common people could receive medical care.<ref name="nago8">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/kyoho-no-kaikaku/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408032729/https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/kyoho-no-kaikaku/|script-title=ja:享保の改革|language=ja|publisher=The Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=8 April 2024|access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

Tanuma Okitsugu, who held the position of {{nihongo3|Elder|老中|[[rōjū]]}}, during the reign of [[Tokugawa Ieharu]], the 10th shogun, adopted a policy of mercantilism. Since the Kyōhō Reforms of Tokugawa Yoshimune had already made it impossible to collect more taxes from the peasants, Okitsugu began collecting taxes in exchange for granting exclusive business rights to the {{nihongo3|merchant guilds|株仲間|[[kabunakama]]}}. To stimulate commerce, he also attempted to unify the monetary system by minting a large number of new coins that could be conveniently used in both eastern Japan, where gold coins were widely used, and western Japan, where silver coins were widely used, and distributing them throughout Japan.<ref name="nago10">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/tanuma-okitsugu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408032752/https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/tanuma-okitsugu/|script-title=ja:田沼意次|language=ja|publisher=The Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=8 April 2024|access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

[[Tokugawa Ienari]], the 11th shogun, ruled the shogunate for 54 years, first as shogun from 1787 to 1837 and then as ''Ōgosho'' from 1837 to 1841. His 50-year reign was the longest of any shogun. Prior to his reign, Japan had suffered major earthquakes, several volcanic eruptions, droughts, floods and urban fires, and the finances of the shogunate were strained. Therefore, during Ienari's reign, from 1787 to 1793, [[Matsudaira Sadanobu]] led the [[Kansei Reforms]] to improve the finances of the shogunate. After Ienari's death, from 1841 to 1843, [[Mizuno Tadakuni]] led the [[Tenpo Reforms]], but the effects of these reforms were limited.<ref name="na180324">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/tempo-no-kaikaku/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318110933/https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/tempo-no-kaikaku/|script-title=ja:天保の改革|language=ja|publisher=The Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=18 March 2024|access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

Successive shoguns held the highest or near-highest [[List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles|court ranks]], higher than most court nobles. They were made {{nihongo3|Senior Second Rank|正二位|Shō ni-i}} of court rank upon assuming office, then {{nihongo3|Junior First Rank|従一位|Ju ichi-i}}, and the highest rank of {{nihongo3|Senior First Rank|正一位|Shō ichi-i}} was conferred upon them upon their death. The Tokugawa shogunate established that the court ranks granted to daimyo by the imperial court were based on the recommendation of the Tokugawa shogunate, and the court ranks were used to control the daimyo.<ref name="kakaku">{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%BC-43286#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307120204/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%BC-43286|script-title=ja:家格|language=ja|website=
Kotobank |archive-date=7 March 2024|access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref>

====The Bakumatsu era and the end of the shogunate and the warrior class====
{{Further|Bakumatsu}}
[[File:1867 Osaka Yoshinobu Tokugawa.jpg|thumb|[[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], the last shogun]]
The beginning of the [[Bakumatsu era]] at the end of the Edo period is the subject of various theories, and can be dated to the 1820s and 1830s, when the shogunate's rule became unstable, or to the [[Tenpō Reforms]] of 1841–1843, or to [[Matthew C. Perry]]'s arrival in Japan in 1853 and his call for the opening of the country. On the other hand, the end point is clear, when the 15th Shogun, [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], returned the authority to govern Japan to [[Emperor Meiji]].<ref name="bakumatsu">{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B9%95%E6%9C%AB-600514|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318134547/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B9%95%E6%9C%AB-600514|script-title=ja:幕末|language=ja|publisher=Kotobank|date=|archive-date=18 March 2024|access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

During this period, the shogunate, the imperial court, the various {{nihongo3|[[Han system|daimyo domains]]|藩|han}}, and the samurai were deeply divided into two factions: the {{nihongo|Nanki faction|南紀派|}}, which favored the shogunate's leadership in dealing with domestic and foreign crises, and the {{nihongo|Hitotsubashi faction|一橋派|}}, which recommended that the shogunate form a coalition with the powerful ''han'' (daimyo domain) and the imperial court. The Nanki faction favored [[Tokugawa Iemochi]] as the successor to the 13th shogun, [[Tokugawa Iesada]], while the Hitotsubashi favored [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]]. When the shogunate concluded the [[Convention of Kanagawa]] in 1854 and the [[Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan)|Treaty of Amity and Commerce]] in 1858, the Hitotsubashi faction opposed these treaties, but the shogunate captured and executed them in the [[Ansei Purge]]. In retaliation, Hitotsubashi samurai assassinated [[Ii Naosuke]], the {{nihongo3|Great Elder|大老|[[tairō]]}} in the [[Sakuradamon Incident (1860)|Sakuradamon Incident]]. To win over the Hitotsubashi faction, the shogunate advocated a {{nihongo3|Union of the Imperial Court and the Shogunate|公武合体|[[Kōbu gattai]]}} and welcomed [[Kazunomiya]], the younger sister of [[Emperor Komei]], as the wife of the 14th shogun, Tokugawa Iemochi, but the Hitotsubashi faction condemned this political marriage.<ref name="bakumatsu"/><ref name="nhkbaku">{{cite web|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/kokokoza/nihonshi/contents/resume/resume_0000000604.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319045445/https://www.nhk.or.jp/kokokoza/nihonshi/contents/resume/resume_0000000604.html|script-title=ja:第27回 幕府の滅亡|language=ja|publisher=[[NHK]]|date=|archive-date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

The [[Chōshū Domain]] was the most radical, advocating the overthrow of the shogunate, emperor-centered politics, and the defeat of foreign powers. They expanded their political power through exchanges with [[Sanjo Sanetomi]] and others in the imperial court who shared their ideology. In response, the [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]] and [[Aizu domain]]s and some aristocrats who supported the ''Kōbu gattai'' expelled Sanjo Sanetomi and the Chōshū Domain from Kyoto in a political uprising on August 18 of the lunar calendar in 1863. In 1864, some forces of the Chōshū Domain marched toward Kyoto in the [[Kinmon incident]], but the combined forces of the shogunate, the Satsuma Domain, and the Aizu Domain defeated the Chōshū Domain. In 1864, the Shogunate sent a large force against the rebellious Chōshū Domain in the [[First Chōshū expedition]]. The Shogunate won the war without a fight, as the leaders of the Chōshū Domain committed [[seppuku]]. Meanwhile, the Chōshū Domain was defeated by foreign allied forces in the [[Shimonoseki campaign]], and the Satsuma Domain engaged the British forces in the [[Bombardment of Kagoshima]]. Both domains realized that Japan was militarily behind the Western powers, and they promoted reforms within their domains while strengthening their will to overthrow the shogunate.<ref name="bakumatsu"/><ref name="nhkbaku"/>

In 1866, [[Sakamoto Ryōma]] brokered a dramatic reconciliation between the previously hostile Chōshū and Satsuma domains, and the Chōshū and Satsuma domains formed the [[Satchō Alliance]]. In 1866, the shogunate launched the [[Second Chōshū expedition]], but was defeated by the Chōshū Domain, severely damaging the shogunate's prestige. The Satsuma Domain refused the shogunate's order to go to war. In 1867, the 15th shogun, [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], finally returned power to [[Emperor Meiji]], ending the Edo period and 700 years of shogunate rule over Japan.<ref name="bakumatsu"/><ref name="nhkbaku"/><ref name="worldbook-Japan">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1992 |title=Japan |encyclopedia=The World Book Encyclopedia |publisher=World Book |isbn=0-7166-0092-7 |pages=34–59}}</ref>

From 1868 to 1869, the imperial forces, led by the Chōshū and Satsuma domains, and the former shogunate forces, led by the Aizu Domain, fought the [[Boshin War]], which the imperial forces won. With this war, the domestic pacification of the imperial forces was nearly complete, and with the [[Meiji Restoration]], Japan began to rapidly modernize and emerge as an international military and economic power. The rapid modernization of Japan during the [[Meiji era]] (1868–1912) was aided by the fact that, under the rule of successive Tokugawa shoguns, many Japanese were educated in {{nihongo3|private elementary schools|寺子屋|[[terakoya]]}} and had a thriving publishing culture.<ref name="nhkbaku"/><ref name="nip080819">{{cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/ja/japan-topics/b06904/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121165510/https://www.nippon.com/ja/japan-topics/b06904/|script-title=ja:明治日本の産業革命|language=ja|publisher=nippon.com|date=6 August 2019|archive-date=21 November 2022|access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

The [[Satsuma Rebellion]] of 1877 was the last battle between the imperial forces and the disenfranchised ex-samurai and the last civil war in Japan. As a result of this war, the warrior class ended its history.<ref name="seinan">{{cite web|url=https://bookwalker.jp/series/160393/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419002253/https://bookwalker.jp/series/160393/|script-title=ja:西南戦争 西郷隆盛と日本最後の内戦|language=ja|publisher=Chuko Shinsyo|date=|archive-date=19 April 2021|access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

The Honjō Masamune was inherited by successive shoguns and it represented the Tokugawa shogunate.<ref name=MasaHist>http://internal.tbi.net/~max/ff9ref2.htm History of Masamune by Jim Kurrasch {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428153827/http://internal.tbi.net/~max/ff9ref2.htm |date=April 28, 2007 }}</ref> It was crafted by swordsmith [[Masamune]] (1264–1343) and recognized as one of the finest [[Japanese swords]] in history. After World War 2, in December 1945, [[Tokugawa Iemasa]] gave the sword to a police station at [[Mejiro, Tokyo|Mejiro]] and it went missing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mystery of The Enigmatic Honjo Masamune Sword |url=https://www.swordsofnorthshire.com/blog/mystery-of-the-enigmatic-hanjo-masamune-sword |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.swordsofnorthshire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schoppert |first=Stephanie |date=2017-03-14 |title=This Japanese Relic Disappeared After WWII and Has Never Been Found |url=https://historycollection.com/one-japans-prized-possessions-went-missing-wwii-never-found/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=History Collection |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Heirs of the Tokugawa shogun ====
{{Further|Ōoku|Gosanke|Gosankyō}}
[[File:Chiyoda Ooku Hanami.jpg|thumb|[[Ukiyo-e]] depicting women in the {{nihongo3|great interior|大奥|[[ōoku]]}} enjoying the [[cherry blossoms]]]]
During the reign of the third shogun, [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]], the {{nihongo3|great interior|大奥|[[ōoku]]}} at [[Edo Castle]] was expanded at the suggestion of his nanny, [[Lady Kasuga]], to ensure the birth of a male heir to the shogun's lineage, and became a vast shogun's harem with nearly 1,000 women working as maidservants. The women of ''ōoku'' were highly hierarchical, with the {{nihongo|official wife|御台所|[[midaidokoro]]}} of the shogun, who was of aristocratic lineage, ruling at the top, and the older women who had served her for a long time actually controlling ''ōoku''. The women who worked as maidservants in ''ōoku'' were daughters of the {{nihongo3||旗本|[[hatamoto]]}}, a high-ranking class of samurai, and they had servants from the {{nihongo3|townspeople|町人|[[chōnin]]}} and peasants who worked for them. Even low-ranking servants were treated as concubines of the shogun if they bore his children. One such example was Otama, the daughter of a grocer, who gave birth to the fifth shogun, [[Tokugawa Ietsuna]]. The ''ōoku'' was also used to ensure the Tokugawa shogun's rule over the country by arranging political marriages between the shogun's children and the children of daimyo in various regions. The ''ōoku'' continued until 1868, when the Tokugawa shogunate was dissolved.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intojapanwaraku.com/rock/culture-rock/175393/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610182314/https://intojapanwaraku.com/rock/culture-rock/175393/|script-title=ja:大奥とは？徳川幕府を支えた“女たちの最前線”を3分で解説|language=ja|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|date=5 October 2021|archive-date=10 June 2023|access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="ōokurekishi">{{cite web|url=https://www.rekishijin.com/26719|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609045246/https://www.rekishijin.com/26719|script-title=ja:勤務先が男子禁制の大奥!? 大奥に出入りできた男性たち|language=ja|publisher=Rekishijin|date=29 March 2023|archive-date=9 June 2023|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rekishijin.com/14797|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328125645/https://www.rekishijin.com/14797|script-title=ja:徳川家の将軍は思うがままに性を享楽できなかった？「大奥の床事情」|language=ja|publisher=Rekishijin|date=1 October 2021|archive-date=28 March 2023|access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref>

The [[Owari Tokugawa family|Owari]], [[Kishū Tokugawa family|Kishū (Kii)]], and [[Mito Tokugawa family|Mito]] Tokugawa families, called the {{nihongo3|the Three Houses of the Tokugawa|御三家|[[gosanke]]}}, founded by the children of Tokugawa Ieyasu, were the second most prestigious family after the shogun's family, and if the shogun's family failed to produce an heir, a male member of one of the three families was installed as shogun. For example, the 8th shogun, [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]], and the 14th shogun, [[Tokugawa Iemochi]], were originally heads of the Kishū Tokugawa family.<ref name="gosanke">{{cite web|url=https://www.meihaku.jp/tokugawagosanke-gosankyo/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108125613/https://www.meihaku.jp/tokugawagosanke-gosankyo/|script-title=ja:徳川御三家・徳川御三卿|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=8 November 2022|access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref>

In order to keep the shogun's lineage alive, the 8th Shogun, Yoshimune, had his children establish the Tayasu, Hitotsubashi, and Shimizu Tokugawa families, which were called the {{nihongo3|Three Lords|御三卿|[[gosankyō]]}} and were treated as the second most prestigious daimyo after the ''Gosanke''. Of these, the Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family produced the 11th shogun, [[Tokugawa Ienari]]. His son [[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]] became the 12th shogun, and Ieyoshi's son [[Tokugawa Iesada]] became the 13th shogun. [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]] became the 15th shogun after being adopted by the Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family from the Mito Tokugawa family.<ref name="gosanke"/> The head of ''Gosankyō'' had the privilege of entering the ''ōoku'', where men were forbidden.<ref name="ōokurekishi"/>