Editing Salmon (section)

==Management==
[[File:Becharof Wilderness Salmon.jpg|thumb|right|Spawning [[sockeye salmon]] in Becharof Creek, [[Becharof Wilderness]], [[Alaska]]]]
[[File:Pacific salmon size declines could result in negative consequences for ecosystems and people.webp|thumb|Significant declines in the size of many species of Pacific salmon over the past 30 years are negatively impacting salmon fecundity, nutrient transport, commercial fishery profits, and rural food security.<ref name="salmonsize2"/>]]
{{main|Environmental issues with salmon}}
{{see also|Salmon conservation|Aquaculture of salmon#Issues}}

Salmon [[population dynamics of fisheries|population levels]] are of concern in the Atlantic and in some parts of the Pacific.<ref name="Lackey - 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Lackey |first1=Robert |title=Salmon policy: science, society, restoration, and reality |journal=Environmental Science and Policy |date=1999 |volume=2 |issue=4–5 |pages=369–379 |doi=10.1016/S1462-9011(99)00034-9|bibcode=1999ESPol...2..369L }}</ref> The population of wild salmon declined markedly in recent decades, especially North Atlantic populations, which spawn in the waters of western Europe and eastern Canada, and wild salmon in the [[Snake River|Snake]] and Columbia River systems in northwestern United States.

[[Alaska salmon fishery|Alaska fishery]] stocks are still abundant, and catches have been on the rise in recent decades, after the state initiated limitations in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|title=1878–2010, Historical Commercial Salmon Catches and Exvessel Values|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=commercialbyfisherysalmon.salmoncatch|publisher=[[Alaska Department of Fish and Game]]|access-date=6 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Viechnicki|first=Joe|title=Pink salmon numbers record setting in early season|url=http://krbd.org/modules/local_news/index.php?op=sideBlock&syndicated=true&ID=1924|access-date=6 August 2011|newspaper=KRBD Public Radio in Ketchikan, Alaska|date=3 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328132113/http://krbd.org/modules/local_news/index.php?op=sideBlock&syndicated=true&ID=1924|archive-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>{{Citation needed | date = May 2019 | reason = The references already given are inaccessible including the archived versions.}} Some of the most important Alaskan salmon sustainable [[wild fisheries]] are located near the [[Kenai River]], [[Copper River (Alaska)|Copper River]], and in [[Bristol Bay]]. [[Fish farming]] of Pacific salmon is outlawed in the United States [[Exclusive Economic Zone]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hey|first1=Ellen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5rl4DkWpqkC&q=Fish+farming+of+Pacific+salmon+is+outlawed+in+the+United+States+Exclusive+Economic+Zone&pg=RA6-PA12|title=The Regulation of Driftnet Fishing on the High Seas: Legal Issues|last2=Burke|first2=W. T.|last3=Pnzoni|first3=D.|date=1991|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-103009-7|language=en}}</ref> however, there is a substantial network of publicly funded [[hatchery|hatcheries]],<ref>[http://media.aprn.org/2008/ann-20080922.mp3 media.aprn.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521114814/http://media.aprn.org/2008/ann-20080922.mp3 |date=21 May 2013 }}|low fish returns in Southeast this summer have been tough on the region's hatcheries</ref> and the State of Alaska's [[fisheries management]] system is viewed as a leader in the management of wild [[Fish stocks|fish stock]]s.

In Canada, returning [[Skeena River]] wild salmon support [[commercial fisheries|commercial]], [[Artisan fishing|subsistence]] and [[recreational fishing|recreational fisheries]], as well as the area's diverse wildlife on the coast and around communities hundreds of miles inland in the watershed. The status of wild salmon in Washington is mixed. Of 435 wild stocks of salmon and steelhead, only 187 of them were classified as healthy; 113 had an unknown status, one was extinct, 12 were in critical condition and 122 were experiencing depressed populations.<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6375-4_11|isbn=978-1-4615-6375-4|chapter=Status of Wild Salmon and Steelhead Stocks in Washington State|pages=127–144|publisher=Springer|author=Johnson, Thom H.|author2=Lincoln, Rich|author3=Graves, Gary R.|author4=Gibbons, Robert G.|title=Pacific Salmon & Their Ecosystems |name-list-style=amp |editor=Stouder, Deanna J. |editor2=Bisson, Peter A. |editor3=Naiman, Robert J. |year=1997}}</ref>

The commercial salmon fisheries in California have been either severely curtailed or closed completely in recent years, due to critically low returns on the Klamath and or Sacramento rivers, causing millions of dollars in losses to commercial fishermen.<ref>{{cite web | title = Cost and Revenue Characteristics of the Salmon Fisheries in California and Oregon | author1 = Hackett, S. | author2 = D. Hansen | name-list-style = amp | url = http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/salmonfisheries.asp | access-date = 1 June 2009 | archive-date = 4 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090604043208/http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/salmonfisheries.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> Both Atlantic and Pacific salmon are popular [[sportfish]].

Salmon populations have been established in all the Great Lakes. Coho stocks were planted by the state of Michigan in the late 1960s to control the growing population of non-native [[alewife (fish)|alewife]]. Now Chinook (king), Atlantic, and coho (silver) salmon are annually stocked in all Great Lakes by most bordering states and provinces. These populations are not self-sustaining and do not provide much in the way of a commercial fishery, but have led to the development of a thriving sport fishery.

Wild, self sustaining Pacific salmon populations have been established in New Zealand, Chile, and Argentina.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Correa |first1=Cristian |last2=Moran |first2=Paul |title=Polyphyletic ancestry of expanding Patagonian Chinook salmon populations |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2017 |volume=14338 |issue=1 |page=14338 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-14465-y|pmid=29084997 |pmc=5662728 |bibcode=2017NatSR...714338C |doi-access=free }}</ref> They are highly prized by sport fishers, but others worry about displacing native fish species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iriarte |first1=J. Agustin |last2=Lobos |first2=Gabriel A. |last3=Jaksic |first3=Fabian M. |title=Invasive vertebrate species in Chile and their control and monitoring by governmental agencies |journal=Revista Chilena de Historia Natural |date=2005 |volume=78 |issue=78 |pages=143–154}}</ref>  Also, and especially in Chile ([[Aquaculture in Chile]]), both Atlantic and Pacific salmon are used in net pen farming.

In 2020 researchers reported widespread declines in the sizes of four species of wild [[Pacific salmon]]: Chinook, chum, coho, and sockeye. These declines have been occurring for 30 years, and are thought to be associated with climate change and competition with growing numbers of pink and hatchery salmon.<ref name="salmonsize">{{cite news |title=Alaska's salmon are getting smaller, affecting people and ecosystems |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-alaska-salmon-smaller-affecting-people.html |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="salmonsize2">{{cite journal |last1=Oke |first1=K. B. |last2=Cunningham |first2=C. J. |last3=Westley |first3=P. a. H. |last4=Baskett |first4=M. L. |last5=Carlson |first5=S. M. |last6=Clark |first6=J. |last7=Hendry |first7=A. P. |last8=Karatayev |first8=V. A. |last9=Kendall |first9=N. W. |last10=Kibele |first10=J. |last11=Kindsvater |first11=H. K. |last12=Kobayashi |first12=K. M. |last13=Lewis |first13=B. |last14=Munch |first14=S. |last15=Reynolds |first15=J. D. |last16=Vick |first16=G. K. |last17=Palkovacs |first17=E. P. |title=Recent declines in salmon body size impact ecosystems and fisheries |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 August 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4155 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17726-z |pmid=32814776 |pmc=7438488 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4155O |language=en |issn=2041-1723}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text and images are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>