Editing Royal assent (section)

==Other countries==
In some monarchies—such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.overheid.nl/english/aboutgov/governmentdoes/actbecomeslaw#par6|title=How does an Act become law? Assent|publisher=[[Cabinet of the Netherlands|Government of the Netherlands]]|access-date=15 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127084720/http://overheid.nl/english/aboutgov/governmentdoes/actbecomeslaw#par6|archive-date=27 November 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Norway, Spain, and Thailand—promulgation is required as well as royal assent. In Sweden, however, the [[Monarchy of Sweden|monarch]] was removed from the process [[Basic Laws of Sweden|in 1975]]; instead, the [[Government of Sweden|government]] (i.e. the cabinet chaired by the [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]]) officially promulgates laws. In both cases, however, the process of assent and promulgation is usually a formality, whether by constitutional convention or by an explicit provision of the constitution.

===Belgium===
In Article 109 of the constitution: "The King ''sanctions'' and ''promulgates'' laws". In Belgium, the royal assent is called ''sanction royale'' / ''koninklijke bekrachtiging'' (Royal Sanction), and is granted by the King signing the proposed statute (and a minister countersigning it). The Belgian constitution requires a theoretically possible refusal of royal sanction to be countersigned—as any other act of the monarch—by a minister responsible before the House of Representatives. The monarch promulgates the law, meaning that he or she formally orders that the law be officially published and executed. In 1990, when [[Baudouin of Belgium|King Baudouin]] advised his cabinet he could not, in conscience, sign a bill decriminalising abortion (a refusal patently not covered by a responsible minister), the [[Belgian federal government|Council of Ministers]], at the King's own request, declared Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers. In accordance with the Belgian constitution, upon the declaration of the Sovereign's incapacity, the Council of Ministers assumed the powers of the head of state until parliament could rule on the King's incapacity and appoint a regent. The bill was then assented to by all members of the Council of Ministers "on behalf of the Belgian People".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reflex.raadvst-consetat.be/reflex/pdf/Mbbs/1990/04/05/10906.pdf|title=Abortion Act 1990|publisher=[[Belgian official journal]]|access-date=22 June 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181320/http://reflex.raadvst-consetat.be/reflex/pdf/Mbbs/1990/04/05/10906.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In a joint meeting, both houses of parliament declared the King capable of exercising his powers again the next day.<ref>E.Witte, De liberalisering van de abortus-wetgeving in België (1970–1990), in: Rapporten en perspectieven</ref>

===Japan===
Articles 6 and 7 of the [[Constitution of Japan]] mention the decisions of the parliament that require the approval of the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]]. These are some of the so-called {{Nihongo|"acts of state"|[[:ja:国事行為|国事行為]]|kokuji-kōi}}, and according to Article 3 of the Constitution, acts of state require the advice and approval of the Cabinet, which is the responsibility of the Cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/features/jg00108/japan%E2%80%99s-emperor-and-imperial-family.html|title=Japan's Emperor and Imperial Family|publisher=nippon.com|access-date=2020-02-02|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160508/https://www.nippon.com/en/features/jg00108/japan%E2%80%99s-emperor-and-imperial-family.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Jordan===
The constitution of [[Jordan]] grants its monarch the right to withhold assent to laws passed by its parliament. Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian Sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly. If he vetoes it within that timeframe, the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses. Otherwise, the law does not go into effect, but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly. If the monarch fails to act within six months of the bill being presented to him, it becomes law without his signature.<ref>[http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/constitution_jo.html The Constitution of Jordan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426230052/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/constitution_jo.html |date=26 April 2013 }}, Article 93. Retrieved 8 June 2009.</ref>

===Luxembourg===
While Article 34 of the constitution of [[Luxembourg]] formerly required the [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg|grand duke or duchess]] to ''sanction'' and ''promulgate'' a new law for it to take effect, the required sanction was removed in 2008, after Grand Duke [[Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Henri]] informed his [[Prime Minister of Luxembourg|prime minister]] that he could not in good conscience assent to a bill to permit [[euthanasia]] in the country. The subsequent constitutional amendment removed the need for assent while retaining the need for the Grand Duke to promulgate new laws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2009/03/12/n1/jo|title=Loi du 12 mars 2009 portant révision de l'article 34 de la Constitution|website=legilux.public.lu|access-date=29 May 2017|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702034239/http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2009/03/12/n1/jo|url-status=live}}</ref> The Grand-Duke's signature is still required, but does not imply assent, only [[promulgation]] (announcement that the law has been enacted by Parliament).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/12/luxembourg-monarchy |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Luxembourg strips monarch of legislative role |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117172342/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/12/luxembourg-monarchy |url-status=live }}</ref> The Grand-Duke did sign the Euthanasia Act under this new constitutional arrangement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2009/0046/a046.pdf#page=7|title=Euthanasia Act 2009|publisher=Luxembourg official journal|access-date=22 June 2014|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313173341/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2009/0046/a046.pdf#page=7|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Malaysia ===
Article 66(3) of the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Federal Constitution of Malaysia]] provides that after a bill was passed by both Houses of [[Parliament of Malaysia|Parliament]], it shall be presented to the [[King of Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King of Malaysia) for his assent before being gazetted in order to become law. However, since 1983, if a bill does not received royal assent within 30 days after it was presented to the King, the bill will automatically become law as per Article 66(4A) of the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hickling |first=R.H. |author-link=Hugh Hickling |date=1984 |title=Malaysia: Constitution (Amendment) Act 1983 And Constitution (Amendment) Act 1984 |url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JMCL/article/view/15941/9507 |journal=Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law |volume=11 |pages=213–218 |issn=0126-6322}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Faruqi |first=Shad Saleem |date=23 June 2016 |title=A precedent but no blanket pass |url=https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/legal-news/a-precedent-but-no-blanket-pass |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Malaysian Bar}}</ref> Likewise, since 1994, if a Ruler of a [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|Malaysian states]] does not grant his assent to a bill passed by the state Legislature within the 30 days period, the bill will automatically become law. As of 2016, the only federal law that failed to receive royal assent but still become law as per Article 66(4A) is the [[National Security Council Act 2016]].<ref name=":0" />

===Norway===
Articles 77–79 of the [[Constitution of Norway|Norwegian constitution]] specifically grant the [[Monarchy of Norway|monarch of Norway]] the right to withhold royal assent from any bill passed by the [[Storting]].<ref name=NW>"[http://www.stortinget.no/en/In-English/About-the-Storting/The-Constitution/The-Constitution/ The Constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829055430/http://www.stortinget.no/en/In-English/About-the-Storting/The-Constitution/The-Constitution/ |date=29 August 2011 }}". The Storting's Information Service. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</ref> Should the monarch ever choose to exercise this privilege, Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be over-ridden: "If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting, constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of the Storting, without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption, and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which, after the most mature deliberation, the Storting considers to be beneficial, it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess."<ref name=NW/>

===Spain===
In Part II of the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978|1978 Spanish constitution]], among provisions concerning the Crown, Article 62(a) invests the ''sanction'' (i.e. royal assent) and ''promulgation'' of laws with the [[Monarchy of Spain|monarch of Spain]]. Chapter 2 of Part III, concerning the Drafting of Bills, outlines the method by which bills are passed. According to Article 91, the monarch shall give his or her assent and promulgate the new law within fifteen days of passage of a bill by the Cortes Generales. Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum, on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of Spain|president of the government]] (commonly referred to in English as the prime minister) and the authorisation of the cortes.

No constitutional provision allows the monarch to directly veto legislation; however, neither does the constitution prohibit the Sovereign from withholding royal assent. When the Spanish media asked King [[Juan Carlos I]] if he would endorse the bill legalising [[Same-sex marriage in Spain|same-sex marriages]], he answered: "''Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica''" ("I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium")—a reference to King [[Baudouin of Belgium]], who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Don Juan Carlos, sobre el matrimonio gay: 'Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica'|work=El Mundo|date=13 May 2006|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/05/12/espana/1115917538.html|access-date=8 January 2007|language=es|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222632/https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/05/12/espana/1115917538.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was [[gazette]]d in the {{Lang|es|[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]]}} on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disposiciones Generales|publisher=Boletin Oficial del Estado|date=2 June 2005|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2005/07/02/pdfs/A23632-23634.pdf|access-date=8 January 2007|language=es|archive-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429011757/https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2005/07/02/pdfs/A23632-23634.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tonga===
Articles 41 and 68 of the [[Constitution of Tonga|constitution]] empower the [[List of monarchs of Tonga|King]] to withhold royal assent from bills adopted by the [[Legislative Assembly of Tonga|Legislative Assembly]].<ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://legislation.to/Tonga/DATA/PRIN/1988-002/ActofConstitutionofTonga.pdf |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Tonga |access-date=10 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119162624/http://legislation.to/Tonga/DATA/PRIN/1988-002/ActofConstitutionofTonga.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} 
</ref> In 2010, the kingdom moved towards greater democracy, with King [[George Tupou V]] saying that he would be guided by his [[Prime Minister of Tonga|prime minister]] in the exercising of his powers. Nonetheless, this does not preclude an independent royal decision to exercise a right of veto. In November 2011, the assembly adopted an Arms and Ammunitions (Amendment) Bill, which reduced the possible criminal sentences for the illicit possession of firearms. The bill was adopted by ten votes to eight. Two members of the assembly had recently been charged with the illicit possession of firearms. The Prime Minister, [[Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō|Lord Tuʻivakanō]], voted in favour of the amendment. Members of the opposition denounced the bill and asked the King to veto it, which he did in December.<ref>
{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122215220/http://www.taimionline.com/articles/6405 "Democracy at Work?"]}}, Lopeti Senituli, Taimi Media Network, 17 November 2011
</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120903132308/http://www.matangitonga.to/article/tonganews/parliament/20111014_tonga_reduces_firearms_penalties.shtml "Houses slashes penalties for firearms offenses"], Matangi Tonga, 14 October 2011</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120907082740/http://www.matangitonga.to/article/tonganews/parliament/20120109_tonga_firearms_amendment_act.shtml "King withholds assent on lower firearms penalties"], Matangi Tonga, 9 January 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=65430 "Tonga king blocks arms amendment act"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321220447/http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=65430 |date=21 March 2012 }}, Radio New Zealand International, 10 January 2012</ref>