Editing Rosa Luxemburg (section)

==Legacy==
===Poland===
[[File:Zakłady Wytwórcze Lamp Elektrycznych im. Róży Luksemburg operacja nanoszenia luminoforu.jpg|thumb|Róża Luksemburg Electric Lamp Manufacturing Plant, Warsaw, 1970s]] [[File:Rosa Luxemburg ND2.JPG|thumb|A statue of Rosa Luxemburg in Berlin]]
In spite of her own Polish nationality and strong ties to Polish culture, her opposition to the independence of the [[Second Polish Republic]] and later criticism from Stalinists have made her a controversial historical figure in the modern [[Third Polish Republic]]'s political discourse.<ref name="przedmo">{{cite book |last=Tych |first=Feliks |date=2018 |editor-last=Wielgosz |editor-first=Przemysław |title=O rewolucji: 1905, 1917 |trans-title=On revolution: 1905, 1917 |publisher=Instytut Wydawniczy "Książka i Prasa" |pages=7–29 |chapter=Przedmowa |trans-chapter=Preface |isbn=978-8365304599 |language=pl}}</ref><ref name="winkler" /><ref name="damian" />

During the [[Polish People's Republic]], a manufacturing facility of electric lamps in the [[Wola]] district of Warsaw (Polish capital and the place where Luxemburg was raised and grew up), was established and named as the {{Lang|pl|Zakłady Wytwórcze Lamp Elektrycznych im. Róży Luksemburg}} [[:pl:Zakłady Wytwórcze Lamp Elektrycznych im. Róży Luksemburg|(pl)]]. After the transformation and change of regime, the factory was privatised in 1991 and then split up into four different companies; the factory buildings were sold by 1993 and fell into disuse in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.pl/Wydarzenia-branzowe/wydawnictwa-branzowe/Kalendarium-historii-polskiego-przemyslu-oswietleniowego|title=Kalendarium historii polskiego przemysłu oświetleniowego|last=Kołakowski|first=Marek|date=2008-10-23|website=lighting.pl|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref>

A street in [[Szprotawa]] used to be named after Luxemburg (''{{Lang|pl|ulica Róży Luksemburg}}'') until it was changed to ''ulica Różana'' (Rose street) in September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://szprotawa.pl/PL/3016/2266/Ulica_Rozy_Luksemburg_-_ulica_Rozana/k/|title=Szprotawa – Ulica Róży Luksemburg – ulicą Różaną|date=2018-09-11|website=szprotawa.pl|publisher=Urząd Miejski w Szprotawie|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref> Many other streets and locations in Poland either used to be or still are named after her, such as those in Warsaw, [[Gliwice]], [[Będzin]], Szprotawa, [[Lublin]], [[Polkowice]], [[Łódź]], etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bedzin.pl/aktualnosc-2138-komunikat_w_sprawie_ul_rozy_luksemburg.html|title=Komunikat w sprawie ul. Róży Luksemburg|date=2018-01-19|website=bedzin.pl|publisher=Urząd Miejski w Będzinie|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref><ref name="xav" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://biblioteka.teatrnn.pl/dlibra/publication/17578?language=pl#description|title=Ulica Róży Luksemburg (dziś ulica Popiełuszki)|website=biblioteka.teatrnn.pl|date=15 May 1960 |publisher=Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka – Teatr NN"|access-date=2022-05-28 |last1=Elżbieta |first1=Margul |last2=Tadeusz |first2=Margul }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://polkowice.eu/serce-do-tradycji/dawnych-bohaterow-czar/|title=Dawnych bohaterów czar|website=polkowice.eu|publisher=Urząd Gminy Polkowice|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.log.lodz.pl/modgikwww/pl/Leksykon/L.aspx|title=Słownik nazewnictwa miejskiego Łodzi (opracowanie autorskie) > L|website=log.lodz.pl|publisher=Łódzki Ośrodek Geodezji|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref>

Efforts to put up commemorative plaques in her memory have taken place in a number of Polish cities, such as Poznań and her birthplace Zamość. A 45-minute-long sightseeing tour around areas associated with the life of the Polish revolutionary was organised in Warsaw in 2019, where a statue of her by Alfred Jesion was also put on display at the Warsaw Citadel as part of the Gallery of Polish Sculpture of the 1950s.<ref name="xav">{{cite web|url=https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/7,54420,24370721,warszawa-potrzebuje-rozy-luksemburg.html|title=Warszawa potrzebuje Róży Luksemburg|date=2019-01-16|website=warszawa.wyborcza.pl|publisher=[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]|first=Xawery|last=Stańczyk|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref>

The commemorative plaque in Poznań, on the building where she lived in during May 1903, was vandalised with paint in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poznan.naszemiasto.pl/bohaterowie-poznanskich-ulic-roza-luksemburg-na-zniszczonej/ar/c1-1759183|title=Bohaterowie poznańskich ulic: Róża Luksemburg na zniszczonej tablicy|date=2013-03-05|website=poznan.naszemiasto.pl|publisher=Polska Press Sp. z o. o.|author=AGA|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref> An official petition was started in 2021 to name a square in Wrocław after her, but the local government rejected the proposal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiowroclaw.pl/articles/view/107258/Skwer-przy-ul-Kleczkowskiej-we-Wroclawiu-nie-bedzie-nosil-imienia-Rozy-Luksemburg-1#|title=Skwer przy ul. Kleczkowskiej we Wrocławiu nie będzie nosił imienia Róży Luksemburg|date=2021-04-22|website=radiowroclaw.pl|publisher=Radio Wrocław|author=mk|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref>

==== Herbarium ====
Luxemburg collected plant specimens from 1913 up to her death. She had a lifelong interest in botany and the natural world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zych |first1=Marcin |last2=Dolatowski |first2=Jakub |last3=Kirpluk |first3=Izabella |last4=Werblan-Jakubiec |first4=Hanna |date=2023-06-03 |title=A "plant love story": The lost (and found) private herbarium of the radical socialist revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg |journal=Plants, People, Planet |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=852–858 |language=en |doi=10.1002/ppp3.10396 |issn=2572-2611 |s2cid=259066901|doi-access=free }}</ref> This was especially true when she was isolated during her imprisonments, during which time working on the herbarium was critical to her wellbeing, an escape from a harsh reality, and a connection to the outside world.<ref name="auto1"/> Holger Politt, one of the editors of the 2016 book, ''Rosa Luxemburg: Herbarium,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wittich |first=Evelin |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120171558 |title=Rosa Luxemburg: Herbarium |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin |isbn=978-3-320-02325-6 |editor-last=Politt |editor-first=Holger |language=German}}</ref> said, "Collecting and identifying plants helped her hold on to sanity. It was therapeutic to her; she couldn't have coped without it".<ref name="auto"/>

Luxemburg's personal herbarium, which comprises 18 notebooks, is placed at the Archive of Modern Records in Warsaw, Poland.<ref name=":2" /> It contains 377 different plant specimens that she collected or that were sent to her by friends and acquaintances, and are mostly of cultivated and common species.<ref name=":2" /> Each sheet features one to three different plants, which are identified using German and Latin species names and family names, and often also have handwritten botanical descriptions, as well as the collection location and date.<ref name=":2" /> Luxemburg collected the plants from a range of places, including the [[Alps]], the [[Sudety Mountains]], and also in or near the prisons in Berlin, [[Wronki]], and Wrocław (Breslau). The latter include plants from the prison vegetable garden or prison flowerbeds which she herself had planted.<ref name=":2" /> 

===Germany===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H29710, Berlin-Friedrichsfelde, Revolutionsdenkmal.jpg|thumb|A memorial to the [[Spartacus League|Spartacist]] leaders [[Karl Liebknecht]] and Rosa Luxemburg, commissioned by [[Eduard Fuchs]], leader of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] designed by [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], built by [[Wilhelm Pieck]], and inaugurated on 13 June 1926, later destroyed by the Nazis]]
[[File:Ludwig Binder Haus der Geschichte Studentenrevolte 1968 2001 03 0275.0008 (16474725704).jpg|thumb|[[German student movement]] in 1968]]
[[File:RosaLuxemburg2a.jpg|thumb|Rosa Luxemburg memorial at the site where her corpse was thrown into the [[Landwehr Canal]] in Berlin]]
[[File:L-L Demo 2016.jpg|thumb|A scene from the 2016 Liebknecht-Luxemburg Demonstration in Berlin, held each year in January to honour the murdered communists]]
In 1919, [[Bertolt Brecht]] wrote the poetic memorial ''Epitaph'' honouring Luxemburg and [[Kurt Weill]] set it to music in ''[[The Berlin Requiem (Weill)|The Berlin Requiem]]'' in 1928:

<blockquote><poem>Red Rosa now has vanished too,
And where she lies is hid from view.
She told the poor what life's about,
And so the rich have rubbed her out.
May she rest in peace.</poem></blockquote>

The famous Monument to Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, originally named Monument to the November Revolution ({{lang|de|Revolutionsdenkmal}}) which was designed by pioneering modernist and later [[Bauhaus]] director [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] and built in 1926 in Berlin-Lichtenberg and destroyed in 1935.{{cn|date=April 2025}} The memorial took the form of a [[Suprematism|suprematist]] composition of brick masses. Van der Rohe said: "As most of these people [Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and other fallen heroes of the Revolution] were shot in front of a brick wall, a brick wall would be what I would build as a monument". The commission came about through the offices of [[Eduard Fuchs]], who showed a proposal featuring [[Doric order|Doric]] columns and medallions of Liebknecht and Luxemburg, prompting Mies' laughter and the comment "That would be a good monument for a banker". The monument was destroyed by the Nazis after they took power.

In 1951, Liebknecht and Luxemburg were honoured with symbolic graves at the ''Memorial to the Socialists'' ({{langx|de|Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten}}) in the Friedrichsfelde Cemetery.

In the former East Germany and East Berlin, various places were named for Luxemburg by the East German communist party. These include the [[Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz]] and a [[Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz (Berlin U-Bahn)|U-Bahn station]] which were located in East Berlin during the [[Cold War]].

An engraving on the nearby pavement reads "Ich war, ich bin, ich werde sein" ("I was, I am, I will be"). The [[Volksbühne]] (People's Theatre) is also on Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz.

Following the 1989 Peaceful Revolution and [[German reunification]], CDU delegates on the Berlin city council recommended renaming all streets and squares honoring Marx, [[August Bebel]], Liebknecht, Luxemburg and Clara Zetkin. In a rare moment of agreement, both [[Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)|PDS]] and SPD delegates balked at this and the battle became so heated that an independent commission was appointed to advise on the question. The commission ultimately recommended the compromise, "that Communists who had died too soon to help bring Weimar down, or the GDR up, should not be purged". For this reason, both streets and squares in the former East Berlin continue to bear Rosa Luxemburg's name.<ref>David Clay Large (2000), ''Berlin'', Basic Books. pp. 560–561.</ref>

[[Dresden]] has a street and streetcar stop named after Luxemburg. The names remained unchanged after German reunification.

At the edge of the [[Tiergarten, Berlin|Tiergarten]] on the {{lang|de|Katharina-Heinroth-Ufer}} which runs between the southern bank of the Landwehr Canal and the bordering {{lang|de|Zoologischer Garten}} (Zoological Garden), a memorial has been installed by a private initiative. On the memorial, the name Rosa Luxemburg appears in raised capital letters, marking the spot where her body was thrown into the canal by {{lang|de|Freikorps}} troops.

The [[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution]] notes that idolisation of Luxemburg and Liebknecht remains an important tradition of [[far-left]] extremism in the [[Federal Republic of Germany]].<ref name="Verfassungsschutz"/> During the Cold War, Luxemburg and Liebknecht were idolised as martyrs by East Germany's ruling Party and continue to be idolised by its successor party: [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]].<ref name="Verfassungsschutz"/>

[[Feminists]], Trotskyists, and other leftists in Germany especially show interest in Luxemburg's ideas. Distinguished modern Marxist thinkers such as [[Ernest Mandel]], who has even been characterised as Luxemburgist, have seen Luxemburg's thought as a corrective to traditional revolutionary theory.<ref>Achacar, Gilbert. [http://www.ernestmandel.org/en/aboutlife/txt/actuality_of_ernest_mandel.htm "The Actuality of Ernest Mandel"].</ref> In 2002, ten thousand people marched in Berlin for Luxemburg and Liebknecht and another 90,000 people laid [[carnation]]s on their graves.<ref>[http://www.workers.org/ww/2002/berlin0131.php "Workers World Jan. 31, 2002: Berlin events honor left-wing leaders"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105061518/http://www.workers.org/ww/2002/berlin0131.php|date=5 November 2012}}.</ref>

===Russia===
Opponents and critics of the far-left have often had a very different interpretation of Luxemburg's murder. Russian historian Edvard Radzinsky has gone on the record as a very harsh critic of the Soviet Government for spending so much money abroad to fund the efforts of those like Liebknecht and Luxemburg to covertly destabilise and overthrow the Weimar Republic and other Western Governments. In the Soviet Union during the same time, mass starvation was taking place as a result of the [[Russian Civil War]] (including the [[Russian famine of 1921]]). According to Radzinsky, "Starving [[Moscow]] was feeding the Communist Parties of the whole world. People were swollen with hunger, but never mind, the [[world revolution]] was at hand."<ref>Edvard Radzinsky (1996), ''[[Stalin (Radzinsky book)|Stalin: The First In-Depth Biography Based on Explosive Documents from Russia's Secret Archive]]'', Anchor Books. p. 182.</ref> Conversely, Stalin denounced Luxemburg posthumously in 1932 as a "[[Trotskyist]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deutscher |first1=Isaac |title=The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky |date=5 January 2015 |publisher=Verso Books |page=193}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nettl |first1=J. P. |title=Rosa Luxemburg: The Biography |date=29 January 2019 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78873-168-3 |pages=900–1056 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXDnDwAAQBAJ&dq=luxemburg+stalin+1932&pg=PT743 |language=en}}</ref>

As [[Alexander Kerensky]] and the former Tsarist officer corps had fatally failed to unite for long enough to stop Lenin from seizing power in 1917, [[White émigré|anti-communist Russian refugees]] living in the Weimar Republic occasionally expressed envy for the success of the SPD and the {{lang|de|Freikorps}} in temporarily setting aside their political differences, even for just long enough to defeat the Spartacus Uprising, which was seen as an attempted German equivalent to the [[Bolshevik Revolution]].<ref name="Kessler 1990">[[Harry Graf Kessler|Kessler, Harry Graf]] (1990). ''Berlin in Lights: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler (1918–1937)''. New York: Grove Press. Tuesday 28 March 1922.</ref> In a 1922 conversation with [[Harry Graf Kessler|Count Harry Kessler]], one such refugee lamented:<ref name="Kessler 1990"/>

<blockquote>Infamous, that fifteen thousand Russian officers should have let themselves be slaughtered by the Revolution without raising a hand in self-defense! Why didn't they act like the Germans, who killed Rosa Luxemburg in such a way that not even a smell of her has remained?</blockquote>