Editing Romanticism (section)

===Portugal===
[[File:Almeida Garrett - litografia sobre papel.png|thumb|upright|Portuguese poet, novelist, politician and playwright [[Almeida Garrett]] (1799–1854)]]
Romanticism began in [[Portugal]] with the publication of the poem ''Camões'' (1825), by [[Almeida Garrett]], who was raised by his uncle D. Alexandre, bishop of [[Angra do Heroísmo|Angra]], in the precepts of [[Neoclassicism]], which can be observed in his early work. The author himself confesses (in ''Camões''{{'}} preface) that he voluntarily refused to follow the principles of epic poetry enunciated by [[Aristotle]] in his [[Poetics (Aristotle)|''Poetics'']], as he did the same to [[Horace]]'s [[Ars Poetica (Horace)|''Ars Poetica'']]. Almeida Garrett had participated in the [[Liberal Revolution of 1820|1820 Liberal Revolution]], which caused him to exile himself in England in 1823 and then in France, after the [[Vilafrancada|Vila-Francada]]. While living in Great Britain, he had contacts with the Romantic movement and read authors such as [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], Scott, Ossian, Byron, Hugo, Lamartine and de Staël, at the same time visiting feudal castles and ruins of [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] churches and abbeys, which would be reflected in his writings. In 1838, he presented ''Um Auto de Gil Vicente'' ("A Play by [[Gil Vicente]]"), in an attempt to create a new national theatre, free of Greco-Roman and foreign influence. But his masterpiece would be ''Frei Luís de Sousa'' (1843), named by himself as a "Romantic drama" and it was acclaimed as an exceptional work, dealing with themes as national independence, faith, justice and love. He was also deeply interested in Portuguese folkloric verse, which resulted in the publication of ''Romanceiro'' ("Traditional Portuguese Ballads") (1843), that recollect a great number of ancient popular ballads, known as "romances" or "rimances", in ''redondilha maior'' verse form, that contained stories of [[chivalry]], life of [[saint]]s, [[crusades]], [[courtly love]], etc. He wrote the novels ''Viagens na Minha Terra'', ''O Arco de Sant'Ana'' and ''Helena.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de Almeida Garrett – 2 Volumes|last=Almeida Garrett|first=João Baptista|publisher=Lello Editores|year=1990|isbn=978-972-48-0192-6|location=Porto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/$almeida-garrett|title=Artigo de apoio Infopédia – Almeida Garrett|website=Infopédia – Dicionários Porto Editora|language=pt-PT|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref><ref name="José">{{Cite book|title=História da literatura portuguesa|last1=Saraiva |first1=António José|date=1996|publisher=Porto Editora|last2=Lopes|first2=Oscar|isbn=978-972-0-30170-3|edition= 17a|location=Porto, Portugal|oclc=35124986}}</ref>

[[Alexandre Herculano]] is, alongside Almeida Garrett, one of the founders of Portuguese Romanticism. He too was forced to exile to Great Britain and France because of his [[Liberalism|liberal]] ideals. All of his poetry and prose are (unlike Almeida Garrett's) entirely Romantic, rejecting [[Classical mythology|Greco-Roman myth]] and history. He sought inspiration in medieval Portuguese poems and [[chronicle]]s as in the [[Bible]]. His output is vast and covers many different genres, such as historical essays, poetry, novels, opuscules and theatre, where he brings back a whole world of Portuguese legends, tradition and history, especially in ''Eurico, o Presbítero'' ("Eurico, the Priest") and ''Lendas e Narrativas'' ("Legends and Narratives"). His work was influenced by Chateaubriand, Schiller, [[Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock|Klopstock]], Walter Scott and the Old Testament [[Psalms]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/$alexandre-herculano|title=Artigo de apoio Infopédia – Alexandre Herculano|website=Infopédia – Dicionários Porto Editora|language=pt-PT|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref>

[[António Feliciano de Castilho]] made the case for [[Ultra-Romanticism]], publishing the poems ''A Noite no Castelo'' ("Night in the Castle") and ''Os Ciúmes do Bardo'' ("The Jealousy of the Bard"), both in 1836, and the drama ''Camões''. He became an unquestionable master for successive Ultra-Romantic generations, whose influence would not be challenged until the famous Coimbra Question. He also created polemics by translating [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'' without knowing German, but using French versions of the play. Other notable figures of Portuguese Romanticism are the famous novelists [[Camilo Castelo Branco]] and [[Júlio Dinis]], and [[António Augusto Soares de Passos|Soares de Passos]], Bulhão Pato and Pinheiro Chagas.<ref name="José"/>

Romantic style would be revived in the beginning of the 20th century, notably through the works of poets linked to the [[Portuguese Renaissance]], such as [[Teixeira de Pascoaes|Teixeira de Pascoais]], [[Jaime Cortesão]], Mário Beirão, among others, who can be considered Neo-Romantics. An early Portuguese expression of Romanticism is found already in poets such as [[Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage]] (especially in his sonnets dated at the end of the 18th century) and [[Leonor de Almeida Portugal, 4th Marquise of Alorna|Leonor de Almeida Portugal, Marquise of Alorna]].<ref name="José"/>