Editing Republicanism (section)

=== Brazil ===
[[File:Domenico Failutti - Retrato de Cipriano José Barata, Acervo do Museu Paulista da USP (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Cipriano Barata]]]]
Brazilian historiography generally identifies republican thought with the movement that was formally organized in the [[Empire of Brazil]] during the 1870s to 1880s, but republicanism was already present in the country since the [[First reign (Empire of Brazil)|First Reign]] (1822–1831) and the [[Regency period (Empire of Brazil)|regency period]] (1831–1840). During Brazil's early years after its [[Independence of Brazil|independence]], the country saw the emergence of a republican discourse among the writings of figures such as [[Cipriano Barata]], [[Frei Caneca]] and João Soares Lisboa, but republican ideology better developed as a political current after the emergence of the so-called radical liberal faction in the crisis of the final years of the First Reign.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Basile |first=Marcello |year=2011 |title=O bom exemplo de Washington: o republicanismo no Rio de Janeiro (c.1830 a 1835) |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-87752011000100002&lng=pt&tlng=pt |journal=Varia Historia |volume=27 |issue=45 |pages=17–45 |doi=10.1590/S0104-87752011000100002 |issn=0104-8775|doi-access=free }}</ref>

During the First Reign, three groups emerged on the country's political scene: the moderate liberals, the radical liberals and the ''caramurus''. The moderates defended political-institutional reforms such as decentralization, without, however, giving up the monarchical system. Their main doctrinal references were Locke, Montesquieu, [[François Guizot|Guizot]] and [[Benjamin Constant]]. The radicals, in turn, formed a heterogeneous group with almost no representation within the imperial bureaucracy. They were on the left of the political spectrum, along Jacobin lines, and defended broad reforms such as the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic, federalism, the extinction of the [[Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)|Moderating Power]], the end of life tenure in the [[General Assembly (Brazil)|Senate]], the separation between Church and State, relative social equality, the extension of political and civil rights to all free segments of society, including women, the staunch opposition to [[Slavery in Brazil|slavery]], displaying a [[Brazilian nationalism|nationalist]], xenophobic and [[Lusophobia|anti-Portuguese]] discourse.<ref name=":0" />

In 1870 a group of radical liberals, convinced of the impossibility of achieving their desired reforms within the Brazilian monarchical system, met and founded the Republican Party. From its founding until 1889, the party operated in an erratic and geographically diverse manner. The republican movement was strongest in the [[Neutral Municipality|Court]] and in [[São Paulo Province|São Paulo]], but other smaller foci also emerged in [[Minas Gerais]], [[Pará Province|Pará]], [[Pernambuco]] and [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. Only in São Paulo, however, did the movement become a true organized and disciplined party capable of electoral competition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carvalho |first=José Murilo de |year=2011 |title=República, democracia e federalismo Brasil, 1870-1891 |journal=Varia Historia |language=pt |volume=27 |issue=45 |pages=141–157 |doi=10.1590/S0104-87752011000100007 |issn=0104-8775|doi-access=free }}</ref>