Editing Reconquista (section)

=== Southern Islamic realms ===
{{Further|al-Andalus}}

==== Umayyads ====
{{Main|Emirate of Córdoba|Caliphate of Córdoba}}
[[File:Batalla del Puig por Marzal de Sas (1410-20).jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of the Puig]] at [[El Puig|El Puig de Santa Maria]] in 1237]]

During the 9th century the Berbers returned to North Africa in the aftermath of revolts. Many governors of large cities distant from the capital, Córdoba, had planned to establish their independence. Then, in 929, the [[Emir of Córdoba]] ([[Abd-ar-Rahman III]]), the leader of the Umayyad dynasty, declared himself [[Caliph]], independent from the [[Abbasid]]s in [[Baghdad]]. He took all the military, religious, and political power and reorganised the army and the bureaucracy.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

After regaining control over the dissident governors, Abd-ar-Rahman III tried to conquer the remaining Christian kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula, attacking them several times and forcing them back beyond the [[Cantabrian Mountains]]. Abd-ar-Rahman's grandson later became a puppet in the hands of the great [[Vizier]] [[Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir|Almanzor]] (''al-Mansur'', "the victorious"). Almanzor waged several campaigns attacking and sacking [[Burgos]], Leon, [[Pamplona]], [[Barcelona]], and [[Santiago de Compostela]] before his death in 1002.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==== ''Taifas'' ====
{{Main|Taifa}}
Between Almanzor's death and 1031, al-Andalus suffered many civil wars, which ended in the division into the [[Taifa|Taifa kingdoms]]. The taifas were small kingdoms, established by the city governors. The result was many (up to 34) small kingdoms, each centered upon its capital. Their governors had no larger-scale vision of the Moorish presence in the Iberian peninsula and had no qualms about attacking their neighbouring kingdoms whenever they could gain advantage by doing so.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The split into the taifa states weakened the Islamic presence, and the Christian kingdoms further advanced as [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile]] conquered [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] in 1085. Surrounded by enemies, taifa rulers sent a desperate appeal to the Berber chieftain [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]], leader of the Almoravids.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} ''Taifas'' reemerged when the Almoravid dynasty collapsed in the 1140s, and again when the Almohad Caliphate declined in the 1220s.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

====Almoravids====
{{Main|Almoravid dynasty}}
[[File:Mapa reconquista almohades-en.svg|thumb|Extent of the ''Reconquista'' into Almohad territory as of 1157.]]
[[File:Capture de Séville par Ferdinand III.jpg|thumb|Capture of Seville by [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] (painted by [[Francisco Pacheco]])]]
The [[Almoravid]]s were a Muslim militia composed of Berbers, and unlike previous Muslim rulers, they were not so tolerant towards Christians and Jews. Their armies entered the Iberian peninsula on several occasions (1086, 1088, 1093) and defeated King Alfonso at the [[Battle of Sagrajas]] in 1086, but initially their purpose was to unite all the taifas into a single Almoravid Caliphate. Their actions halted the southward expansion of the Christian kingdoms. Their only defeat came at [[Valencia]] in 1094, due to the actions of [[El Cid]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Meanwhile, Navarre lost all importance under King [[Sancho IV of Navarre|Sancho IV]], for he lost Rioja to [[Sancho II of Castile]], and nearly became the vassal of Aragon. At his death, the Navarrese chose as their king [[Sancho Ramírez]], King of Aragon, who thus became Sancho V of Navarre and I of Aragon. Sancho Ramírez gained international recognition for Aragon, uniting it with Navarre and expanding the borders south, conquering ''Wasqa<sup>t</sup>'' [[Huesca]] deep in the valleys in 1096 and building a fort, El Castellar, 25&nbsp;km from ''Saraqusta<sup>t</sup>'' [[Zaragoza]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Catalonia came under intense pressure from the taifas of Zaragoza and [[Taifa of Lérida|Lérida]], as well as from internal disputes, as Barcelona suffered a dynastic crisis that led to open war among the smaller counties. But by the 1080s, the situation had calmed down, and the dominion of Barcelona over the smaller counties was restored.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

====Almohads====
{{Main|Almohad Caliphate}}
[[File:La Rendición de Granada - Pradilla.jpg|thumb|''The Surrender of Granada'' by [[Francisco Pradilla Ortiz]]]]
After a brief period of disintegration (the second [[Taifa]] period), the Almohads, the rising power in North Africa, took over most of ''al-Andalus''. However they were decisively defeated at the [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]] (1212) by a Christian coalition, losing almost all the remaining lands of ''al-Andalus'' in the following decades. By 1252 only the [[Emirate of Granada]] remained intact but as a vassal state of Castile.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==== Granada War and the end of Muslim rule ====
{{Main|Granada War|Treaty of Granada (1491)}}
[[Catholic Monarchs|Ferdinand and Isabella]] completed the ''Reconquista'' with a war against the [[Emirate of Granada]] that started in 1482 and ended with Granada's surrender on 2 January 1492. The Moors in Castile previously numbered "half a million within the realm". By 1492 some 100,000 had died or been enslaved, 200,000 had emigrated, and 200,000 remained in Castile. Many of the Muslim elite, including Granada's former Emir [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]], who had been given the area of the [[Alpujarras]] mountains as a principality, found life under Christian rule intolerable and emigrated to [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] in North Africa.{{sfn |Kamen |2005 |pages=37–38}}<ref name=maqri>"نفح الطيب من غصن الاندلس الرطيب" p. 1317.  احمد المقري  المغربي المالكي الاشعري</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Leonard Patrick|title=Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500|url={{Google books|td3tcLWvSNkC|page=327|plainurl=yes}}|page=327|publisher=University of Chicago Press|place=Chicago|year=1992|isbn=0-226-31962-8}}</ref>

In 1497, Spanish forces took [[Melilla]], west of Oran, and the island of [[Djerba]], south of Tunis, and went on to more important gains, with the bloody [[Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)|seizure of Oran in 1509]], and the capture of [[Bougie]] and [[Spanish conquest of Tripoli (1510)|Tripoli in 1510]]. The Spanish capture of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] cost them some 300 men, while the inhabitants suffered between 3,000 and 5,000 killed and another 5,000–6,000 carried off as slaves.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Last Great Muslim Empires|page=138}}</ref> Soon thereafter, however, they faced competition from the rapidly expanding [[Ottoman Empire]] in the east and were pushed back.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davison |first=Derek |title=Today in European history: the 'Reconquista' ends (1492) |url=https://fx.substack.com/p/today-in-european-history-the-reconquista |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=fx.substack.com |language=en}}</ref>