Editing Quotation (section)

====Quotative verbs====
Quotative verbs are lexical verbs that indicate the speech, thoughts, or perceptions of the original speaker.<ref name="Evans Canonical"/><ref name="Klamer report"/>

Quotations can be introduced as the complement to a quotative verb or as the head phrase to an adjunct phrase containing a quotative verb in some languages like English and French.<ref name="sdq bonami"/><ref name="DarcyA Review"/>
:{| class="wikitable"
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! ||Quotation as complement || Quotation as head phrase adjunct <ref name="sdq bonami"/>
|-
| English || Marie said, "My brother has arrived." || "My brother has arrived," Marie said.
|-
| French || Marie a dit, "Mon frère est arrivé." || "Mon frère est arrivé," comme a dit Marie.
|}
English also displays [[verb-second]] (V2) order vestige only in quotation contexts (quotative inversion), requiring the finite verb to appear in the second position of a clause. For example: "No no no" ''says'' Harry.<ref name="DarcyA Review"/>

Direct and indirect quotations are sometimes not distinguishable. Traditionally, English uses an overt complementizer ''that'' after a quotative verb to indicate indirect quotation, but it is also seen to prompt direct quotation in some English varieties like Indian English, Hong Kong English, and Kenyan English.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Hong Kong English || After the movie I just '''said that''' "Oh Frank I cannot walk."<ref name="DarcyA Review"/>
|-
| Indian English || Never a husband '''says that''' "I'll make a cup of tea okay, you sit. I'll make a cup of tea."
|-
| Kenyan English || So Kabuwe Abuwe '''told''' us '''that''' "If it is for wedding I am not going to contribute."
|}[[File:Aaronx was like ix hate you.png|thumb|Quotative verb "be like" in English.]]
The newer quotative verb ''be like'' in English is used to only introduce direct quotations. ''Be like'' includes the use of the demonstrative ''that'', which is null in most English varieties, but can be optionally overt in some varieties like Glasgow English. Dutch's quotative verb ''hebben zoiets van'' has a similar structure to Standard American English in that it has a null demonstrative that precedes the quotation. It differs from the English structures in that it uses an overt quantifier ''zoiets'' to be [[grammaticality|well-formed]].<ref name="haddican et al">{{cite journal |last1=Haddican |first1=William |last2=Zweig |first2=Eytan |last3=Johnson |first3=Daniel Ezra |title=The syntax of be like quotatives |journal=Proceedings of the 29th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics |date=2012 |pages=81–89 |url=http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wccfl/29/paper2690.pdf}}</ref>
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Standard North American English !! Glasgow English !! Dutch<ref name="haddican et al"/>
|-
| [<sub>TP</sub> Aaron [<sub>T'</sub> was [<sub>PP</sub> like [<sub>DP</sub> '''∅''' [<sub>QUOTE</sub> I hate you]]]]] || [<sub>TP</sub> Aaron [<sub>T'</sub> was [<sub>PP</sub> like [<sub>DP</sub> '''∅''' [<sub>QUOTE</sub> I hate you]]]]] || [<sub>TP</sub> Ik [<sub>T'</sub> hebben [<sub>DP</sub> '''zoiets''' [<sub>PP</sub> van [<sub>DP</sub> '''∅''' [<sub>QUOTE</sub> I hate you]]]]] 
|-
| [[grammaticality|*]][<sub>TP</sub> Aaron [<sub>T'</sub> was [<sub>PP</sub> like [<sub>DP</sub> '''that''' [<sub>QUOTE</sub> I hate you]]]]] 
|| [<sub>TP</sub> Aaron [<sub>T'</sub> was [<sub>PP</sub> like [<sub>DP</sub> '''that''' [<sub>QUOTE</sub> I hate you]]]]] || [[grammaticality|*]][<sub>TP</sub> Ik [<sub>T'</sub> hebben [<sub>DP</sub> '''∅''' [<sub>PP</sub> van [<sub>DP</sub> '''∅''' [<sub>QUOTE</sub> I hate you]]]]] 
|-
|}