Editing Quinoa (section)

===Monoculture and climate change impacts ===
[[File:Quinoa diversity, Uyuni, Bolivia.JPG|thumb|Red quinoa field in [[Uyuni]], Bolivia]]
Because of the increasing demand for quinoa, some fields in the Andean regions of Bolivia and Peru have become quinoa monocultures.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jacobsen |first=S.-E. |date=2011 |title=The Situation for Quinoa and Its Production in Southern Bolivia: From Economic Success to Environmental Disaster |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00475.x |journal=Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science |language=en |volume=197 |issue=5 |pages=390–399 |bibcode=2011JAgCS.197..390J |doi=10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00475.x |issn=1439-037X}}</ref><ref name=EstradaEtAl2023>{{Cite journal |last1=Estrada |first1=Richard |last2=Cosme |first2=Roberto |last3=Porras |first3=Tatiana |last4=Reynoso |first4=Auristela |last5=Calderon |first5=Constatino |last6=Arbizu |first6=Carlos I. |last7=Arone |first7=Gregorio J. |date=2023-07-28 |title=Changes in Bulk and Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Diversity Communities of Native Quinoa Due to the Monocropping in the Peruvian Central Andes |journal=Microorganisms |language=en |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=1926 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms11081926 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-2607 |pmc=10458079 |pmid=37630486}}</ref> Particularly in the Uyuni salt flats, soil degradation has occurred due to mechanized production and decreased vegetation cover after clearing for quinoa fields.<ref name=":3" /> This degradation has led to poorer quinoa yields and lower environmental health in the region.<ref name=":3" />

Signs of [[desertification]] of the landscape is amplified by the effects of climate change on quinoa fields and the salt flats. Drier and hotter weather negatively affects quinoa production, while also increasing pest populations attacking quinoa<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Andy |title=Gold, oil, and avocados: a recent history of Latin America in sixteen commodities |date=2021 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-61219-935-1 |location=Brooklyn |pages=176–186 |language=English}}</ref> and reducing the nutrient quality of the soil.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Taaime |first1=Nawal |last2=Rafik |first2=Sifeddine |last3=El Mejahed |first3=Khalil |last4=Oukarroum |first4=Abdallah |last5=Choukr-Allah |first5=Redouane |last6=Bouabid |first6=Rachid |last7=El Gharous |first7=Mohamed |date=2023-07-05 |title=Worldwide development of agronomic management practices for quinoa cultivation: a systematic review |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |language=English |volume=5 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2023.1215441 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023FrAgr...515441T |issn=2673-3218}}</ref>

Quinoa became a grain of growing interest partially due to its ability to withstand many different climate conditions. Its native Andean region is prone to dry and wet spells, and to cold and hot temperatures.<ref name=":4" /> Research shows that quinoa prefers warmer temperatures and alternating irrigation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=A. |last2=Akhtar |first2=S. S. |last3=Amjad |first3=M. |last4=Iqbal |first4=S. |last5=Jacobsen |first5=S.-E. |date=2016 |title=Growth and Physiological Responses of Quinoa to Drought and Temperature Stress |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jac.12167 |journal=Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science |language=en |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=445–453 |doi=10.1111/jac.12167 |bibcode=2016JAgCS.202..445Y |issn=1439-037X}}</ref> The randomness of weather conditions due to climate change has hindered development of quinoa crops.<ref name=":4" />

The quinoa boom and bust cycle led to a periodic increased demand for quinoa which originally resulted in increased production in its native area. However, when other countries recognized the economic benefit of producing quinoa, its cultivation in Europe and the United States increased.<ref name=":2" /> Some studies indicate that it may be more productive to grow quinoa in the United States, particularly in [[Washington (state)|Washington State]], and in China rather than in its native regions.<ref name=":5" />

{{nutritional value
| name = Quinoa, uncooked
| kJ = 1539
| water = 13.3 g
| protein = 14.1 g
| fat = 6.1 g
| monofat = 1.6 g
| polyfat = 3.3 g
| carbs = 64.2 g
| fibre = 7.0 g
| calcium_mg = 47
| iron_mg = 4.6
| magnesium_mg = 197
| phosphorus_mg = 457
| potassium_mg = 563
| sodium_mg = 5
| zinc_mg = 3.1
| copper_mg = 0.590
| manganese_mg = 2.0
| selenium_ug = 8.5
| vitC_mg = 0
| thiamin_mg = 0.36
| riboflavin_mg = 0.32
| niacin_mg = 1.52
| vitB6_mg = 0.49
| folate_ug = 184
| choline_mg = 70
| vitA_ug = 1
| vitE_mg = 2.4
| source_usda = 1
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168874/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}