Editing Psychoanalysis (section)

===Developments of alternative forms of psychotherapy===
====Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)====
In the 1950s, psychoanalysis was the main modality of [[psychotherapy]]. Behavioural models of psychotherapy started to assume a more central role in psychotherapy in the 1960s.<ref group="lower-roman">"By the 1960s it would assume a more central place in the psychotherapy arena"</ref><ref name="NorcrossVandenBos2011">{{cite book|author1=John C. Norcross|author2=Gary R. VandenBos|author3=Donald K. Freedheim|title=History of Psychotherapy: Continuity and Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBkbQwAACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=American Psychological Association|isbn=978-1-4338-0762-6}}</ref> [[Aaron T. Beck]], a psychiatrist trained in a psychoanalytic tradition, set out to test the psychoanalytic models of depression empirically and found that conscious ruminations of loss and personal failing were correlated with depression. He suggested that distorted and biased beliefs were a causal factor of depression, publishing an influential paper in 1967 after a decade of research using the construct of [[Schema (psychology)|schemas]] to explain the depression.<ref name="NorcrossVandenBos2011" />{{Rp|221}} Beck developed this empirically supported hypothesis for the cause of depression into a talking therapy called [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT) in the early 1970s.

====Attachment theory====
{{See also|Attachment theory#Psychoanalysis}}
[[Attachment theory]] was developed theoretically by [[John Bowlby]] and formalized empirically by [[Mary Ainsworth]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bretherton|first=Inge|date=1992|title=The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759|journal=Developmental Psychology|language=en|volume=28|issue=5|pages=759–775|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759|issn=0012-1649}}</ref> Bowlby was trained psychoanalytically but was concerned about some properties of psychoanalysis;<ref name="Goldberg 1995">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32856560|title=Attachment theory : social, developmental, and clinical perspectives|date=1995|publisher=Analytic Press|editor-first1=Susan|editor-last1=Goldberg|editor-first2=Roy|editor-last2=Muir|editor-first3=John|editor-last3=Kerr|isbn=0-88163-184-1|location=Hillsdale, NJ|oclc=32856560}}</ref>{{Rp|23}} he was troubled by the dogmatism of psychoanalysis at the time, its arcane terminology, the lack of attention to environment in child behaviour, and the concepts derived from talking therapy to child behaviour.<ref name="Goldberg 1995" />{{Rp|23}} In response, he developed an alternative conceptualization of child behaviour based on principles on [[ethology]].<ref name="Goldberg 1995" />{{Rp|24}} Bowlby's theory of attachment rejects Freud's model of [[psychosexual development]] based on the Oedipal model.<ref name="Goldberg 1995" />{{Rp|25}} For his work, Bowlby was shunned from psychoanalytical circles who did not accept his theories. Nonetheless, his conceptualization was adopted widely by mother-infant research in the 1970s.<ref name="Goldberg 1995" />{{Rp|26}}