Editing Protein folding (section)

=== Dual-polarization interferometry ===
{{Main|Dual-polarization interferometry}}
[[Dual polarisation interferometry]] is a surface-based technique for measuring the optical properties of molecular layers. When used to characterize protein folding, it measures the [[protein conformation|conformation]] by determining the overall size of a monolayer of the protein and its density in real time at sub-Angstrom resolution,<ref name="CrossFreeman2008">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470061565.hbb055 |chapter=Dual Polarization Interferometry: A Real-Time Optical Technique for Measuring (Bio)molecular Orientation, Structure and Function at the Solid/Liquid Interface |title=Handbook of Biosensors and Biochips |year=2008 |last1=Cross |first1=Graham H. |last2=Freeman |first2=Neville J. |last3=Swann |first3=Marcus J. | name-list-style = vanc |isbn=978-0-470-01905-4 }}</ref> although real-time measurement of the kinetics of protein folding are limited to processes that occur slower than ~10&nbsp;Hz. Similar to [[circular dichroism]], the stimulus for folding can be a denaturant or [[temperature]].