Editing Pope Clement VII (section)

===English Reformation===
[[File:Charles V enthroned over his defeated enemies Giulio Clovio mid 16th century.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], enthroned over his defeated enemies (from left): [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], Pope Clement VII, [[Francis I of France]], the [[William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Duke of Cleves]], the [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony|Elector of Saxony]], and the [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse|Landgrave of Hesse]]. [[Giulio Clovio]], mid-16th century]]
By the late 1520s, King [[Henry VIII]] wanted to have his marriage to Charles's aunt [[Catherine of Aragon]] [[Declaration of nullity|annulled]]. The couple's sons died in infancy, threatening the future of the [[House of Tudor]], although Henry did have a daughter, [[Mary I of England|Mary Tudor]]. Henry claimed that this lack of a male heir was because his marriage was "blighted in the eyes of God".<ref name="Phillips">{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Roderick|title=Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-42370-0|location=[[Cambridge]]; [[New York City|New York]]; [[Melbourne]]|page=20|date=28 June 1991}}</ref> Catherine had been his [[Arthur, Prince of Wales|brother]]'s widow, but the marriage had been childless, so the marriage was not against Old Testament law, which forbids such unions only if the brother had children.<ref name="Leviticus 20:21">See: {{Bibleverse|Leviticus|20:21|wyc}} and exception {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|25:5|Wyc}}</ref> Moreover, [[Pope Julius II]] had given a [[Dispensation (Catholic canon law)|dispensation]] to allow the wedding.<ref name="Lacey">{{cite book|last=Lacey|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Lacey|title=The Life and Times of Henry VIII|date=1972|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=978-0-297-83163-1|editor=Antonia Fraser|editor-link=Antonia Fraser|location=[[London]]|page=17}}</ref> Henry now argued that this had been wrong and that his marriage had never been valid. In 1527 Henry asked Clement to annul the marriage, but the Pope, possibly acting under pressure from Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, whose effective prisoner he was, refused. According to Catholic teaching, a validly contracted marriage is indivisible until death, and thus the pope cannot annul a marriage on the basis of an [[Impediment (Catholic canon law)|impediment]] previously dispensed.<ref name="Scarisbrick2011">{{cite book|author=J. J. Scarisbrick|title=Henry VIII|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSuFAwAAQBAJ|edition=reprint of 1968|date= 2011|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-18395-5|pages=163–197|chapter=Chapter 7: The Canon Law of the Divorce}}</ref> Many people close to Henry wished simply to ignore Clement, but in October 1530 a meeting of clergy and lawyers advised that the [[Parliament of England]] could not empower the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] to act against the Pope's prohibition. In Parliament, Bishop [[John Fisher]] was the Pope's champion.
[[File:Lead-alloy papal bulla issued under Clement VII (FindID 869584).jpg|thumb|Lead [[Bulla (seal)|bulla]] of Clement VII, found in [[Hertfordshire]], England]]
Henry subsequently underwent a marriage ceremony with [[Anne Boleyn]], in either late 1532 or early 1533.<ref name="Ives">For the dates and details of Henry VIII's controversial second marriage, see {{cite book|last=Ives|first=Eric William|author-link=Eric Ives|title=The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 'The Most Happy'|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-631-23479-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofanneb00ives/page/160 160–171]|location=[[Malden, Massachusetts]]; [[Oxford]]; [[Carlton, Victoria]]|date=20 August 2004|url=https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofanneb00ives/page/160}}</ref> The marriage was made easier by the death of the Archbishop of Canterbury [[William Warham]], a stalwart friend of the Pope, after which Henry persuaded Clement to appoint [[Thomas Cranmer]], a friend of the Boleyn family, as his successor. The Pope granted the [[papal bull]]s necessary for Cranmer's promotion to Canterbury, and also demanded that Cranmer take the customary oath of allegiance to the pope before his consecration. Laws made under Henry already declared that bishops would be consecrated even without papal approval. Cranmer was consecrated, while declaring beforehand that he did not agree with the oath he would take.<ref>Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar. By Paul Ayris and David Selwyn. Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 1 January 1999 (pp. 119–121)</ref> Cranmer was prepared to grant the annulment<ref>Cranmer, in a letter, describes it as a ''divorce'', but it was clearly not a dissolution of a marriage in the modern sense but the annulment of a marriage which was said to be defective on the grounds of affinity—Catherine was his deceased brother's widow. In his decree, Cranmer uses the words, "...dictum matrimonium..., ut praemittitur, contractum et consummatum, nullum et omnino invalidum fuisse et esse..." {{cite book|author=Gilbert Burnet|title=The History of the Reformation of the Church of England ... in Six Volumes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u83AQAAMAAJ|volume=I, Part II|year=1825|publisher=W. Baynes and Son|location=London|language=la|page=153}}</ref> of the marriage to Catherine as Henry required. The Pope responded to the marriage by [[Excommunication (Catholic Church)|excommunicating]] both Henry and Cranmer from the Catholic Church.

Consequently, in England, in the same year, the [[Act Concerning Ecclesiastical Appointments and Absolute Restraint of Annates|Act of Conditional Restraint of Annates]] transferred the taxes on ecclesiastical income from the Pope to the Crown. The [[Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations|Peter's Pence Act]] outlawed the annual payment by landowners of [[Peter's Pence|one penny]] to the Pope. This act also reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your [[Grace (style)|Grace]]" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by the Pope's "unreasonable and uncharitable usurpations and exactions".<ref name="Lehmberg">{{cite book|last=Lehmberg|first=Stanford E.|author-link=Stanford Lehmberg|title=The Reformation Parliament 1529–1536|url=https://archive.org/details/reformationparli0000lehm|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-07655-5|location=London and New York|year=1970}}</ref> Ultimately, in 1534, Henry led the English Parliament to pass the [[Acts of Supremacy#First Act of Supremacy 1534|Act of Supremacy]] that established the independent [[Church of England]] and broke from the Catholic Church.