Editing Pipeline (section)

==Development and planning==
When a pipeline is built, the construction project not only covers the [[civil engineering]] work to lay the pipeline and build the pump/compressor stations, it also has to cover all the work related to the installation of the field devices that will support remote operation.

The pipeline is routed along what is known as a "right of way". Pipelines are generally developed and built using the following stages:

# Open season to determine market interest: Potential customers are given the chance to sign up for part of the new pipeline's capacity rights.
# Route (right of way) selection including land acquisition ([[eminent domain]])
# Pipeline design: The pipeline project may take a number of forms, including the construction of a new pipeline, conversion of existing pipeline from one fuel type to another, or improvements to facilities on a current pipeline route.
# Obtaining approval: Once the design is finalized and the first pipeline customers have purchased their share of capacity, the project must be approved by the relevant regulatory agencies.
# Surveying the route
# Clearing the route
# Trenching – Main Route and Crossings (roads, rail, other pipes, etc.)
# Installing the pipe
# Installing valves, intersections, etc.
# Covering the pipe and trench
# Testing: Once construction is completed, the new pipeline is subjected to tests to ensure its structural integrity. These may include hydrostatic testing and line packing.<ref name="eia.gov">[http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/ngpipeline/develop.html "Natural Gas Pipeline Development and Expansion]," U.S. Energy Information Administration, Retrieved December 12, 2012.</ref>

Russia has "Pipeline Troops" as part of the [[Rear Services]], who are trained to build and repair pipelines. Russia is the only country to have Pipeline Troops.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://de.rian.ru/politics/20120116/262467833.html |title=Russlands Militär übt für möglichen US-Angriff auf Iran |publisher=Ria Novosti |language=de |access-date=17 January 2012 |date=16 January 2012 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117233824/http://de.rian.ru/politics/20120116/262467833.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The U.S. government, mainly through the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]], the [[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission|FERC]] and others, reviews proposed pipeline projects in order to comply with the [[Clean Water Act]], the [[National Environmental Policy Act]], other laws and, in some cases, municipal laws.<ref>Houston Public Works. City of Houston. "Pipeline Permit(Oil and Gas)." [https://www.houstonpermittingcenter.org/hpwoce1004 City of Houston website] Retrieved 2 June 2022.</ref><ref>Pipeline Permitting. [https://www.ingaa.org/File.aspx?id=34233&v=89d18216 Interstate Natural Gas Association website]  Retrieved 2 June 2022.</ref> The Biden administration has sought to permit the respective states and tribal groups to appraise and potentially block the proposed projects.<ref>Lisa Friedman. (2 June 2022). "E.P.A., Reversing Trump, Will Restore States’ Power to Block Pipelines". [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/02/climate/states-tribes-pipelines.html?smid=url-share NY Times website]  Retrieved 2 Jane 2022.</ref>