Editing Phrenology (section)

=== South Africa ===
Upon arrival in South Africa, phrenology clashed with the liberalist Cape residents, among whom were missionaries, merchants, and middle class, that held staunch beliefs in the equality of the human race in al varieties.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Bank |first=Andrew |date=1996 |title=Of 'Native Skulls' and 'Noble Caucasians': Phrenology in Colonial South Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637310 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=387–403|doi=10.1080/03057079608708501 |jstor=2637310 |bibcode=1996JSAfS..22..387B }}</ref> They were advocates for theories of environmental racial differences rather than the phrenological held belief in innate differences of the mind between Africans and Europeans. Nonetheless, South Africa became the place where a lot of phrenologists, particularly in Britain, were receiving subjects to study the heads of Africans.  [[Thomas Pringle]] was a friend of Combe and Mackenzie who was sending the skulls of Xhosa and Bushman indigenous tribes-people back to a friend in London, [[John Epps]] while doing field research in the Cape.<ref name=":3" /> Pringle was just one of many medical and military men on the frontier of the South Africa territory that were taking sample of local Africans and sending them back to Britain as patrons of phrenology. Liberals of South Africa would continue to remain skeptical of the validity of phrenology as it pertained to the pre-determining of ones character based on organs in their brain. Editor A.J. Ardine for the periodical ''A Catechism of Phrenology'' would add that he "remained unconvinced by the new science". <ref name=":3" />

While residents of the Western coastal urban regions of South Africa were skeptical of the ideological beliefs behind phrenology, those on the inland frontier were very receptive to the ideas of "biological determinism".<ref name=":3" /> [[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Andrew Smith]], better know as the founder of zoology, as well as [[Robert Knox (surgeon)|Robert Knox]] were among these frontiersmen who were supportive and adherent to the ethnological implications of phrenology. Many phrenologists who came to South Africa, or took example from the native people there, would use findings to fuel more racist implications of the pseudoscience. Bushmen and other African people that had the misfortune of living on the frontier were subject to being remarked as similar "to that of the monkey" in facial structure.<ref name=":3" /> They had effectively become targets for European imperialist that sought to prove the superiority of their civilization through one sided field work. The inherit issue with their world view was that they conceived these ideas in Europe before coming to Africa on a mission to seek confirmation bias for their rhetoric.