Editing Peshawar (section)

==== British Raj ====
[[File:Islamia College Peshawar 2.jpg|thumb|The British-era [[Islamia College University|Islamia College]] was built in an [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic Revival]] style.]]
[[File:Sethi House 1.jpg|thumb|Built for wealthy local merchants in a Central Asian architectural style, the [[Sethi Mohallah]] features several homes dating from the British era.]]
Following the defeat of the Sikhs in the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1845–46 and the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1849, some of their territories were captured by the British [[East India Company]]. The British re-established stability in the wake of ruinous Sikh rule.<ref name=hopkins /> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Rebellion of 1857]], the 4,000 members of the native garrison were disarmed without bloodshed;<ref name=":4" /> the absence of conflict during the rebellion meant that Peshawar was not affected by the widespread devastation that was experienced throughout the rest of British India and local chieftains sided with the British after the incident.<ref name=":4">[[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]], ''Soldier Sahibs'', p.276</ref>

The British laid out the vast [[Peshawar Cantonment]] to the west of the city in 1868, and made the city its frontier headquarters.<ref name="Schofield, Victoria 2003 page 47">Schofield, Victoria, "Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia", London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks (2003), page 47</ref> Additionally, several projects were initiated in Peshawar, including linkage of the city by railway to the rest of British India and renovation of the Mohabbat Khan mosque that had been desecrated by the Sikhs.<ref name="heritage.gov.pk" /> British suzerainty over regions west of Peshawar was cemented in 1893 by Sir [[Mortimer Durand]], foreign secretary of the British Indian government, who collaboratively [[Durand Line|demarcated the border]] between British controlled territories in India and Afghanistan.

The British built [[Cunningham clock tower]] in celebration of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]], and in 1906 built the Victoria Hall (now home of the [[Peshawar Museum]]) in memory of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="heritage.gov.pk" /> The British introduced Western-style education into Peshawar with the establishment of [[Edwardes College]] and [[Islamia College University|Islamia College]] in 1901 and 1913, along with several schools run by the [[Anglican Church]].<ref name="heritage.gov.pk" /> For better administration of the region, Peshawar and the adjoining districts were separated from the Punjab Province in 1901,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKdraLI-c0wC&pg=PA15 |page=15 | title=Changes in the Socio-economic Structures in Rural North-West Pakistan | isbn=978-3-8175-0408-4 | last1=Khan | first1=Mohammad Asif | year=2007 |publisher=Mohammad Asif Khan }}</ref> The [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]] was separated from Punjab Province in 1901, after which Peshawar became capital of the new province.<ref name="bosworth" />

[[Communal riots]] broke out in the old city of Peshawar during the spring of 1910, when the annual [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival of [[Holi]] coincided with [[Barawafat]], the annual [[Islam|Muslim]] day of mourning, resulting in a considerable loss of life along with hundreds of [[looted]] businesses and injuries.{{efn|name=1921CensusQuote|"The date of the Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the Musalman day of mourning, in 1910, which led to a very serious riot between the Hindus and Musalmans of the Peshawar City resulting in a considerable loss of life. There was a wholescale plunder of Hindu houses and shops."<ref name="1921Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163|jstor=saoa.crl.25430163 |access-date=10 February 2023|title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : Part I, Report; part II, Tables |year=1922 }}</ref>{{rp|92–93}}}}<ref name="1910Riots">Rehman, Noor & Khan, Aman Ullah. 2020. "[http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF_Files/2_v33_2_2020.pdf "Maro Hindu Ko" (Kill the Hindus): Communal Violence in Peshawar City: A Historical Perspective]" In ''[http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/40 Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society]''. Volume: 33, No. 02, July – December 2020</ref> A month prior, in February 1910, prominent community religious leaders met with officials and agreed that Holi would be solely celebrated in predominantly Hindu neighbourhoods of the city, notably in Andar Shehr and Karim Pura.{{efn|"On 22nd February 1910, a meeting of leading Muslims and Hindu leaders was called by deputy commissioner of Peshawar at the Municipal Hall in which arrangements regarding the upcoming festivals were discussed and a committee was established consisting of prominent leaders from both sides. It was decided in the meeting that the Holi should be celebrated quietly until the 25th March. There should be only two processions, namely from the Hindu quarter of Andar Shahr to that of Karimpura and vice-versa. The Muslim of the city should not join the procession and the troops should celebrate Holi in their lines and some leading men from both sides will supervise the arrangement at Hasting Memorial and other at Clock Tower."<ref name="1910Riots" />{{rp|23–24}}}}  On 21 March 1910, however, rumors of [[musician]]s from [[Amritsar]] and a dancing boy from [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]] being brought into the city for Holi celebrations, led to a group of individuals who were marking Barawafat into forming a mob with the intention of stopping the [[procession]].{{efn|On 21 March the Deputy Commissioner was informed by deputy superintendent of police Zain ul Abidin that the situation in the city is not good as Hindu brought some musicians from Amritsar and a dancing boy from Hari Pur and they are intending to lead the procession on an unauthorized route. The superintendent of police suggested the deputy commissioner that the Holi should not be allowed as the situations going to create clash. Mr. Blackway sent some Hindu leader to enquire the situation. These Hindu gentlemen assured the deputy commissioner that the situation is friendly and nothing bad is going to be happened. There is no musician with the Holi and it would follow the old route. At the same time some Muslim leaders reported to the deputy commissioner about the Muslim mob who intended to stop the Holi procession. They also suggested that Holi procession should be stopped to avoid an expected clash between the two communities. However, after the surety of the Hindu leaders that there are no musicians and dancing boys and that the procession is not going on an unauthorized route the deputy commissioner was stuck to follow his old plan. This was the point which was misunderstood and created communal violence in the city.<ref name="1910Riots" />{{rp|24}}}} Despite Muslim and Hindu [[community leader]]s calling for calm, both parties ultimately clashed at the Asamai Gate, when the Holi procession was ''en route'' to [[Dargah Pir Ratan Nath Jee]], with a Hindu procession member stabbing a Muslim individual in the mob.{{efn|Around 8 pm when the Holi procession at Asa Mai gate was about to depart on the route to Pir Rathan Nath Dharamshala sub inspector Kanhya Lal who was posted at Chita Khuo informed the police head quarter that a mob of Muslim also assembled to stop it and the two mobs started abusing each other. Leaders from both sides tried to control the situation but the people from both sides refused to pay any heed to their leaders. Meanwhile, a Hindu Mahr Singh stabbed a Muslim with knife. Mahr Singh was chased by the mob and captured him at Bara Bazar. At the same time two Muslims Jani and Ahmad were killed by Hindu with knives. Police report for 21 March 1911, provides that two Muslim were killed and three wounded while from Hindu side two people were killed and eleven were wounded and eleven shops were broken.<ref name="1910Riots" />{{rp|24}}}} [[Riot]]s ensued for the following three days, involved individuals from outlying [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal regions]] who had entered the city, with a mob at Bara Bazar allegedly chanting "''Maro Hindu Ko''" (Kill the Hindus).{{efn|When the funeral party was ousted from the city a riffraff of Muslim consisting of people from trans-border areas and Afghanistan remained in the city that started plundering and broke 285 shops. A violent clash was started in which two Hindus and one Muslim was killed... The next day on 23 March the looting of shops started again. The first case was reported in Ramdas Bazar where the Muslim despite the Military and Police patrolling looted the Hindu shops. A Hindu, reader of Nawab of Landi fired and wounded two Muslim. The local Hindu during investigation denied the fact but Military intelligence reported that he fired and wounded two people. He was arrested and sent on trial under India Penal Code. Two Hindu were killed at Ram Das Bazar. It was also reported that in Mewa Mandi a mob of Afridi and Mohmand tribes started plundering and looted many shops. People from tribal areas were also involved in this looting. 11 shops were broken in Ram Das Bazar that day... The official records about the events of the day had self-contradictory statements. The starting paragraphs of police and commissioner reports claims that everything was good at the start of the day but after a while the situation was out of control in the whole city. For instance, police reports provides that around 10:00 am, in Karimpura a police constable Chettan Ram was struck on head and the mob at Bara Bazar started the slogan "Maro Hindu Ko".<ref name="1910Riots" />{{rp|25}}}} Estimates detail the riots resulted in a total of 451 damaged shops and homes, primarily belonging to members of the Hindu community, while at least 4 Muslims and 6 Hindus were killed, alongside hundreds of injuries.<ref name="1910Riots" />

[[File:Edwardes College Side View.JPG|thumb|[[Edwardes College]] was built during the British-era, and is now one of Peshawar's most prestigious educational institutions.]]
Peshawar emerged as a centre for both [[Hindkowans|Hindkowan]] and [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] intellectuals during the British era. Hindko speakers, also referred to as ''xāryān'' ("city dwellers" in Pashto), were responsible for the dominant culture for most of the time that Peshawar was under British rule.<ref>The Frontier Town of Peshawar. A Brief History by Sayed Amjad Hussain.</ref> Peshawar was also home to a non-violent resistance movement led by [[Ghaffar Khan]], a disciple of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. In April 1930, Khan, leading a large group of his followers, protested in Qissa Khwani Bazaar against discriminatory laws that had been enacted by the colonial government; hundreds were killed when a detachment of the [[British Indian Army]] [[Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre|opened fire on the demonstrators]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PESHAWAR: Qissa Khwani martyrs remembered |url=http://archives.dawn.com/2008/04/24/local36.htm |work=DAWN The Internet Edition |publisher=DAWN Media Group |access-date=13 December 2012 |author=APP |date=24 April 2008 |archive-date=12 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312042251/http://archives.dawn.com/2008/04/24/local36.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>